The Tragedy of the Commons Theory Analysis

The Tragedy of the Commons Theory Analysis In The Tragedy of the Commons, Garrett Hardin argues that appeals to conscience are not effective in solving common problems. First, I will explain Hardins arguments against appealing to conscience and why he thinks it is ineffective, and then show what he thinks will work instead of appeals to conscience. After that, I will describe why I dont think his reasoning is correct and offer an alternate proposal for why appealing to conscience can solve commons problems. Next, I will respond to my proposal to make a reasonable case for it. Finally, I will show that I make a stronger case than Hardin and that appealing to conscience is very effective means of solving common problems. Hardin states that conscience is self-eliminating (Hardin, p. 1246). He references Charles Galton Darwin who shows that persons who appeal to conscience would when confronted with appeals to limit breeding, would respond by limiting breeding. C.G Darwin argues that this does not fit with the theory of natural selection and these people would, after hundreds of generations, cease to exist. Hardin argues that based on natural selection and the heredity of conscience, persons who are more susceptible to appeals to conscience have a system set up to eliminate that trait form the race. He uses heredity generally to include germ cell transmission of traits and exosomatical transmission of traits. Hardin also discusses how asking someone to stop doing something, he uses exploiting the commons as an example, in the name of conscience (Hardin, p. 1246) is a contradiction. He describes the two different messages being sent as intended and unintended communication. This is referred to as the double bind by Bateson. When one makes a request for an appeal to conscience what is intended to come across is that If you dont do as we ask we will openly condemn you for not acting like a responsible citizen. (Hardin, p. 1246). The unintended message one receives is that If you do behave as we ask, we will secretly condemn you for a simpleton who can be shamed into standing aside while the rest of us exploit the commons. (Hardin, p. 1246). This unintended message, Hardin claims, triggers guilt and anxiety. While this can be effective, Hardin questions whether the ends justify the means. He doesnt think it is acceptable to use techniques that are psychologically pathogenic. His response to t his is that instead of psychologically manipulating persons who exploit commons we should adjust the social arrangements in regards to responsibility. His response leads from the philosopher Charles Frankel who defines responsibility as the product of definite social arrangements. (Hardin, p. 1247). Hardin explains that to keep a bank robber from using the bank as a commons, you dont reprimand him or aim to psychologically coerce him you change the social arrangements. If you say the bank is not a commons then the social arrangements will keep it from becoming a commons. According to Hardin the way in which we can alter social arrangements is through privatization and taxes. I dont think that Hardins view that conscience is self-eliminating is valid. If one can make the appeal to conscience to limit breeding, than they should also be able appeal to their conscience to increase population when necessary. This is to say that persons who appeal to conscience can adhere to many appeals to conscience, not only ones that would decrease their population. Take into account religious organizations that preach that persons are put on this earth solely to reproduce and that by not doing so they will face disapproval or judgment. This is an appeal to conscience. Having as many kids as you can is the right thing to do; it is your obligation to have as many children as possible. This works as well with many people as appealing to conscious to save the earth and decrease our population does with another type of persons. His argument that being susceptible to conscience will cause them to go extinct does not hold for all persons of conscience. In relation to common problems I believe that appeals to conscience can provide a solution so long as it is paired with education. I think it is unreasonable to say that there can only be one way to solve common problems, allowing for appeals to conscience be paired with education. By incorporating an educational piece into an appeal to stop exploiting commons it solves the problem of the double bind. You are able to clearly convey the intended message as before. However, the unintended message is cleared because you are actually showing facts and figures on why people should stop exploiting commons. If you have the evidence that shows that the pros out way the cons to cutting back on usage, then people wont feel like they are being swindled. While this may take more time than privatizing land or charging taxes because you may have to try multiple time to get people to fully understand the facts it can still work. People that are more susceptible to appeals of conscience will agree more readily to stop exploiting the commons. As more people make appeals to conscience the persons that are less susceptible can see the improvements that are being made by those that have stopped exploiting the commons. The research and education piece will build on itself making a stronger case for everyone to appeal to conscience. An objection that can be made is whether it is morally acceptable to come at people on a psychological level. Exposing a person as irresponsible citizen can still cause stress and make some people appeal to conscience when they are merely afraid of being judged. This can cause a problem when the actions and advocacy of individuals that have appealed to conscience is a large part of appropriately educating people. If this happens it will be less effective than originally thought. I think that because of the psychological pathogen that is conscience, Hardin makes a better argument for staying away from using it to solve commons problems. While appealing to conscience while appropriately educating can work, it would take more time and effort than merely changing the social arrangements. I also believe that his claim that conscience is self-eliminating is not accurate. This however, does not affect the larger issues of using conscience to solve common problems. In The Tragedy of the Commons, Garrett Hardin argues that appeals to conscience are not effective in solving common problems. Hardins argues against appealing to conscience because he thinks that conscience is self eliminating and that using a psychological pathogen is ineffective and morally problematic. He suggests changing the social implication of a commons by using privatization and taxes to solve commons problems. I disagree that conscience is self eliminating and that appeals to conscience can work as long as people are properly educated at the same time to solve the problem of the double bind. Unfortunately, this does not solve the problems that may come up as conscience is still a psychological tool and may have negative effects to the plan. I think that Hardin makes a stronger case that taxation and privatization are the most effective ways to solve commons problems.

Starbucks Corporation & Tully’s Coffee Corporation

Starbucks Corporation & Tully’s Coffee Corporation MBA 522: Financial Management December 9, 2008 Tully’s Coffee Corporation Established in 1992, Tully’s Coffee Corporation is a Seattle based coffee retailer and wholesaler. The main products offered by the company are baked food items, coffee products and pastries. Additionally, their coffee beans have exceptional sales in regional supermarket and grocery stores. The company currently operates over 100 stores in the western region of the United States and they have embarked upon a business venture in Japan where Tully’s is creating quite a coffee presence, they are also investigating expansions into other foreign markets. The Corporation started generating profits in the year 2006 (About Tully’s, 2007). Starbucks Corporation Seattle-based Starbucks Corporation is the leading coffeehouse chain in the world. The company currently has operations in more than 44 countries. The main products offered by Starbucks include a wide variety of beverages, coffee beans and brewing equipment, and a wide assortment of snacks and sandwiches. The company also branched into marketing music and books (The Company, 2008). Ratio Analysis RatiosStarbucksTully's Coffee Current Ratio0. 790. 51 Quick Ratio0. 300. 30 Debt Equity Ratio1. 345. 22 Proprietary Ratio0. 430. 24 Solvency Ratio0. 571. 24 Inventory Turnover Ratio12. 1311. 27 Gross Profit Ratio (%)23. 3444. 96 Net Profit Ratio7. 1515. 76 Return on Proprietors' Funds29. 45- Earning Per Share0. 910. 004 Current Ratio Current ratio may be defined as the relationship between current assets and current liabilities. It is also known as the working capital ratio (2: 1 ratio). It is calculated by dividing current assets by current liabilities. Current assets of a firm represent those assets which can be, in the ordinary course of business, converted into cash within a period not exceeding one year. Current liabilities are those obligations which are to be paid within a period of one year of current assets or by creation of current liabilities (Van Horne, Wachowicz & Bhaduri, 2005). Current ratio of the Starbucks Corporation and Tully’s Coffee Corporation is . 79 and . 51 respectively, during the year 2007. There is a difference in the current ratio of both companies, reflecting the weak liquidity position of both companies – and it illustrates that neither company has short term solvency. Liquidity position can be improved to some extent and can be made equivalent to industry average. The industry average of current ratio is . 90: 1. The current ratio of Tully’s is unsatisfactory and reflects weak position of the company. Quick Ratio This ratio is also helpful in analyzing the short term financial position of a business. Quick ratio is the measure of the instant debt paying ability of the business enterprise, hence, it is called quick ratio (Van Horne, Wachowicz & Bhaduri, 2005). A quick ratio of 1:1 is considered as an ideal ratio. If the liquid ratio is more than 1:1, the financial position of the firm is deemed to be sound. On the other hand, if the ratio is less than 1:1 the financial position of the firm is unsound. Quick ratio of Starbucks is . 30:1 and Tully’s ratio is . 30:1. There is no difference between the quick ratios of Starbucks & Tully’s Coffee. Overall, the short term liquidity position of both firms is quite poor because the ratios are less than the desired norm. For instance, current ratio should be 2:1 whereas, it is less than 1:1. Similarly, the liquidity ratio is much less than 1 as compared to ideal standard of 1:1. Therefore, the companies will face difficulties in paying current obligations on maturity. Debt Equity Ratio This ratio indicates the relative proportion of debt and equity in financing the assets of a firm. Debt Equity ratio reflects the relative claims of creditors and shareholders against the assets of a firm. The industry average of ratio is . 42:1. Debt equity ratio of Tully’s is 5. 22:1. This figure is not at all satisfactory; the ratio of 1:1 is considered within norms and reasonable. The Starbucks ratio is 1. 34:1, which is quite reasonable. A high debt equity ratio has serious implications from the firm’s point of view. A high proportion of debt in the capital structure leads to the inflexibility in operations of the firm as creditors would exercise pressure and interfere in management. Tully’s has high debt-equity ratio which is unfavorable for the company. Proprietary Ratio Proprietary ratio establishes a relationship between proprietors or shareholder’s funds and total assets of the business. This ratio highlights the general financial strength of the firm. It is of great importance to creditors since it enables them to find out the proportion of shareholder’s funds in the total assets used in the business. The ratio of Starbucks is . 43:1 and for Tully’s it is . 24:1. The proprietary ratio is low for both companies. Although there is little difference in performance of both corporations, it is Starbucks that is in better position. Solvency Ratio This ratio measures the long term solvency of the business. It reveals the relationship between total assets and total external liabilities. This ratio measures the proportion of total assets provided by the creditors of the firm, i. e. what part of assets is being financed from loans (Van Horne, Wachowicz & Bhaduri, 2005). The total assets of Starbucks are more than their total liabilities, which indicates that the company is solvent. Tully’s liabilities are more than their total assets, reflecting that the firm is not solvent. In this instance the higher the ratio, the greater the amount of creditors that are being used to generate profit for the owners of the firm. The difference in both the companies’ ratio is very high, although Starbucks has better performance than Tully’s in terms of solvency. Inventory Turnover Ratio The ratio indicates the number of times inventory is replaced during the year. It measures the relationship between the cost of goods sold and the inventory level. The inventory turnover ratio measures how quickly inventory is sold (Van Horne, Wachowicz & Bhaduri, 2005). The inventory turnover ratio of Starbucks is 12 times while Tully’s ratio is 11 times. Starbucks and Tully’s both have similar ratios, below that of the industry average. Thus, both corporations have inefficient inventory management. Generally speaking, a high inventory turnover ratio is better than a low ratio. A high ratio implies good inventory management. A very low level of inventory has serious implications, as it adversely affects the ability to meet customer demand. Gross Profit Ratio The ratio expresses the relationship of gross profit on sales to net sales in terms of percentage (Van Horne, Wachowicz & Bhaduri, 2005). Goss profit is the result of the relationship between prices, sales volume and costs. Gross profit margin of Starbucks Corporation is 23%, whereas the ratio for Tully’s is 45%. Tully’s ratio is high as compared to Starbucks, which is a sign of good management. It implies that the cost of production for the firm is relatively low. Tully’s has reasonable gross margin which ensures adequate coverage for operating expenses and sufficient return to the owners of the business, which is reflected in the net profit margin. Net profit Ratio This measures the relationship between net profits and sales of a firm. The net profit margin is indicative of management’s ability to operate the business with sufficient success not only to recover revenues of the period, the cost of merchandise or services, the expenses of operating the business and the cost of the borrowed funds, but also leave a margin of reasonable compensation to the owners for providing their capital at risk (Van Horne, Wachowicz & Bhaduri, 2005). Net profit ratio of Tully’s Coffee and Starbucks is -15. 67% and 7. 15%, respectively. Starbucks Corporation is generating adequate returns for its owners. On the other hand, Tully’s net profit margin is negative. The company is suffering from huge losses and has incurred net losses in the year 2007. Overall efficiency and profitability of Starbucks is higher than Tully’s Coffee. Return on Proprietary Funds The ratio expresses the percentage relationship between net profit and proprietors funds or shareholder’s investment (Van Horne, Wachowicz & Bhaduri, 2005). It is used to ascertain the earning power of shareholders investment. Return on proprietors’ fund for Starbucks is 29. 5%. The ratio could not be calculated for Tully’s Coffee as net profit and shareholder’s funds, both are negative. Starbucks has better performance and a higher return than Tully’s Coffee. Earning Per Share The rate of dividend on shares depends upon the amount of profits earned by the firm. Whatever profit remains, after meeting all expenses and paying preference share dividend, belongs to equity shareholders (Van Horne, Wachowicz & Bhaduri, 2005). These are the profits earned on equity share capital. The earning per share is calculated by dividing the profit available to equity shareholders by the number of shares issued. This is a popular ratio as it measures the profitability of a firm from the owner’s standpoint. Starbucks EPS is higher than Tully’s, which shows that the market price of the firm would be greater. Earning per share of Tully’s Coffee has no value, it is almost negligible. Higher EPS helps the company to raise additional capital without difficulty. This ratio plays an important role in comparison of the two companies from an investment point of view. Investment Decision It would be my choice to invest in Starbucks Corporation, as the overall performance and productivity is higher. The liquidity analysis performed through current ratio and quick ratio reveals that the Starbucks is positioned better in terms of liquidity; the company also has superior position in term of long-term solvency. Though gross profit ratio of Tully’s Coffee is high, overall Starbucks has a favorable financial position in that they would be able to quickly convert various assets into cash. Starbucks Corporation is generating adequate returns and reasonable profits which are sufficient for effectively running their operations. The corporation is generating higher returns for their shareholders, illustrating that the resources are effectively utilized. EPS is very high at Starbucks, which is necessary for the investment. Thus, I feel that an investment in Starbucks Corporation is a better choice, as it would yield higher returns for this investor. References About Tully’s. (2007). Retrieved November 21, 2008, from http://www. tullys. com/company/ Starbucks Corp: Financial Statement. (2008). MSN Money. Retrieved November 21, 2008, from http://moneycentral. msn. com/investor/invsub/results/statemnt. aspx? Symbol=SBUX&lstStatement=Balance&stmtView=Ann The Company. (2008). Retrieved November 21, 2008, from http://www. starbucks. com/aboutus/overview. asp Tully's Coffee Corporation. (2008, November). Hoovers. Retrieved November 21, 2008, from http://www. hoovers. com/free/co/secdoc. xhtml? ID=58100=6157151-141335-231989 Van Horne, J. C. , Wachowicz, J. M. , & Bhaduri, S. N. (2005). Fundamentals of Financial Management (12th Ed. ). (pp. 130-133). United Kingdom: Pearson Education

Mahatma Gandhis Path to peace Essay examples - 788 Words

Mahatma Gandhi once said, â€Å"I wish for equality for all people, except for photographers and journalists† (â€Å"Mahatma Gandhi biography†). Gandhi was commonly known for his loving personality and his passion for life and equality. It was his mission to free India from the clutches of the British Empire and he will be remembered as one of the greatest pacifists to walk this earth. However, to achieve all of his objectives for truth and equality, he would have to overcome many adversities and hardships during his life. Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi was born on October 2, 1869 at Porbandar, Kathiawar agency, British Indian Empire. He is better known today as Mahatma meaning great soul or Bapu meaning father (â€Å"Mahatma Gandhi biography†). In†¦show more content†¦In 1915, he returned to his home in India to rally peasants, farmers, and laborers to protest against discrimination and high taxes. He was treated poorly due to the color of his skin a nd his activities in organizing protests (â€Å"Mahatma Gandhi biography†). This was just the beginning of more adversities to come. One of the adversities Gandhi faced was financing. As a child, Gandhi’s life wasn’t the easiest. His family did not have a lot of money, so he didn’t live his life without difficulty. He was soft-spoken and only an average student. However, he conquered this problem by working hard, investing his money wisely, and saving up (â€Å"Mahatma Gandhi biography†), but his troubles were far from over. A large group of people attacked Gandhi in South Africa while he was there for the civil rights movement. The authorities arrived and pulled the attackers off Gandhi and asked if he would like to press charges against the mob. However, Gandhi said that he would not dare and that it was against his beliefs (Rosenberg). With most of his adversities conquered he focused on his protests and quest for equality. Throughout Gandhi’s life, he gave many speeches for equality, and the independence for India. His most famous speeches include Kasmir Issue, the Great Trial of 1922, the Roundtable Conference 1931, the â€Å"Quit India† speeches, the Eve of the Last Fast, Madvas, Dandi March, Benaras Hindu University, Inter-Asian Relation, andShow MoreRelatedGandhi s Life And Legacy1578 Words   |  7 PagesPaper 26 Apr. 2016 Gandhi’s Life and Legacy Throughout the course of history there have been many influential leaders that have stressed the use of non-violence and civil disobedience including Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi. Gandhi was a very influential and inspiring leader that was able to lead billions of people. He was willing to give up everything for what he believed in even though he knew that his actions could possibly lead to imprisonment and other legal consequences. Gandhi’s bravery and perseveranceRead MoreA Role Model : Mahatma Gandhi As A Role Model1360 Words   |  6 PagesMahatma Gandhi Is a Role Model When we needed to pick a good example, one name showed up plainly in my mind i.e. Gandhi. Surely, as I would like to think, its this man who offers significance to the articulation, â€Å"role model†. I dont believe theres a more magnetic good example ever. In fact, he finished such critical and overcome things that he should be a standout amongst the most surely understood legends on the planet. Like Gandhi, role models are inspiration to others. A role model is someoneRead MoreA Peaceful Revolution : Mahatma Gandhi1088 Words   |  5 Pages Alexis Altamirano Montgomery English Honors 2 23 March 2015 A Peaceful Revolution â€Å"I object to violence because when it appears to do good, the good is only temporary; the evil it does is permanent.†(Gandhi). In Gandhi’s quote, he is saying when leaders think violence and war will solve their problem and get the point across, the problem will not go away, but ironically it will only make the situation worse. To Mohandas Gandhi, the proper way of living life was through being peaceful andRead MoreA Government System Is A Resolute And Dicey Act1625 Words   |  7 Pagesact. Mahatma Gandhi and George Orwell’s ideals have influenced society to challenge higher power. As they shed light onto the corruption in politics in different manners, both similarly depict the evil of class injustices and that they inevitably result in violence. Mahatma Gandhi was born on October 2nd, 1869 into the Bania caste, a Hindu merchant caste family residing in Porbandar, India. Gandhi’s path was greatly influenced by his mother and father and reflects both of their lives. Gandhi’s fatherRead More Mahatma Gandhis Influence and Ideas Essay1861 Words   |  8 PagesMahatma Gandhis Influence and Ideas Mahatma Gandhi was a man of faith and great conviction. He was born into an average Hindu family in India. Like most teenagers he had a rebellious stage when he smoked, spent time with girls and ate meat (forbidden to strict Hindus). The young Gandhi changed as a person while earning a living as a lawyer in South Africa. He came in contact with the apartheid and the future Mahatma began to emerge, one who championed the truth through non-violent resistanceRead MoreViolence And Violence Is Around Us Throughout The World Essay2034 Words   |  9 Pagescan be a device of vengeance and a positive mechanism to human survival. However, when we think of religion and violence we do not always situate them with each other. This is mainly because we are taught that all religions have an agreed goal for peace. The Indian pacifist Mohandas Ghandi once said, â€Å"An eye for an eye only ends up making the whole world blind† (Gandhi). He came on this earth with his message of truth and no n-violence; Truth and non-violence are the most fundamental aspect of hisRead MoreRacism, Bias And Prejudice921 Words   |  4 Pagesone of the biggest leaders of racial equality and help change history for the better. Mahatma Gandhi, was born October 2nd, 1869 to a wealthy Indian family in Porbandar, Gujarat India. His father, Karamchand Gandhi, was a well-respected man that held the political position of, Chief Minister of Porbandar. Mahtma’s mother, Putlibai Gandhi, was a kind woman and devote Jainist. Her gentle nature provided Mahatma with a compassionate upbringing that instilled a non-violent, mutual tolerance attitudeRead MoreMahatma Gandhi And Nelson Mandela1447 Words   |  6 PagesIf Mahatma Gandhi never inspired Nelson Mandela to fulfill his vision for human rights, would Nelson Mandela have inspired Barack Obama to continue that legacy? Mahatma Gandhi practiced civil disobedience and lobbied for the rights of Indians in South Africa and India. Nelson Mandela hungered and fought for a South Africa, where all races were equal and unified as nationalists. Barack Obama sought to build a more tolerant United States through his historic presidency, immigration policies, andRea d MoreSummary Of March : Book One And March, By John Lewis1231 Words   |  5 PagesSome lessons never die. Mahatma Gandhi died nearly seventy years ago, and Jesus Christ died over two-thousand years ago; yet their powerful message lives on. One example of someone who was deeply touched by the teaching of Gandhi and Christ is John Lewis. In March: Book One and March: Book Two, written by John Lewis and Andrew Aydin, we can clearly see how Lewis incorporated Christianity and Gandhis ideas of peaceful protest into the civil rights movement. The books tell an eventful story ofRead MoreGandhi s Journey Of Non Violence909 Words   |  4 Pagesarranged marriage with Kasturba and later had four sons with. Although Gandhi’s father wanted him to become a government minister, Gandhi was more interested in becoming a doctor. In fact, he went to study law abroad in London. Though all the struggles trying to adapt the western culture, he later became an attorney of law. The film Gandhi shows different religious beliefs of Hindus, Muslims, Sikhs, and Christians as well as Gandhi’s journey of non-violence. As it starts out Gandhi being thrown out of

The Iranian Revolution Of 1979 Essay - 1812 Words

The Iranian Revolution, also known as the Islamic Revolution of 1979 took place in Iran. It is when Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi the emperor of Iran during that time, was overthrown by the revolutionary forces led by Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini and thereafter established the Islamic National Republic of Iran. The Iranian Revolution brought a big change into the international community and how it viewed revolutions. As Iran’s revolution lacked many of the fundamental causes that were though to give rise to revolutions. It was unusual in the sense that it had no ‘agrarian’ pattern. As the traditional social structure was maintained after the revolution and it reinstated old structure as the Muslim clergy came into power. To understand what led to the Iranian Revolution of 1979, we need to look back into the Iranian history and the timeline leading up to the revolution. In doing so, we can use the psychological theories of revolution and structural- functionalist theor ies of revolution in order to analyses and explain the cause of the Iranian Revolution. Iran is a country with majority of its population being Shia Muslims, it is a splinter branch of Islam where it is believed that only Muhammad’s descendants can lead the faithful. Muslim clergy plays political roles in Shia countries, even though Shia Muslims are a small segment (about 15%) of the entire Muslim population, since 1501 most Iranians identify as Shia Muslims. This is one way they differentiate themselves from theShow MoreRelatedThe Iranian Revolution Of 19791396 Words   |  6 Pages Every political development that approaches the scale of the Iranian Revolution of 1979 is guaranteed to involve a number of moving parts whose collective impact eventually yields the end result. But with the Iranian Revolution, it can be useful to simplify this more holistic view down to two figures set in a dichotomy of sorts, with each representing the two different states of Iran, Iran pre and post revolution. These two individuals, Mohamed Reza Pahlavi and Ruhollah Khomeini comprised the leadershipRead More1979 Iranian Revolution and Ayatollah Khomeinis Role in the Revolution1170 Words   |  5 PagesThe 1979 Iranian revolution is a revolution that changed the country of Iran for the better. The Iranian revolution resulted in many events which include the overthrow of Reza Shah Pahlavi, and the upbringing of Ayatollah Khomeini. Ayatollah Khomeini who replaced Reza Shah with the role to improve a better perspective about Islam and to protect the realm of the Shiaa community. The Iranian revolution began with the overthrow of then leader Reza Shah, who was a non- MuslimRead MoreMarjane Satrapi s The Iranian Revolution Of 1979 1317 Words   |  6 PagesOne result of the Islamic Revolution of 1979 was that women were forced by law to wear the compulsory hijab. At first, not many people took this seriously and many peaceful protests were organized. Eventually, women began to suffer at the hands of the government for refusing to submit. In this novel, Marjane is an Iranian girl living during the turmoil of the Islamic Revolution and eventually the Iran-Iraq War. She is invested in the politics of her world even from a very young age, though herRead MoreSocio-political evaluation of the Iranian Revolution of 1979 in terms of social and religious factors.1437 Words   |  6 Pages The intensity of the Iranian revolution of 1978-1979 and the suddenness with which it appeared surprised many people both in Iran itself and in the rest of the world. The Shahs autocratic political system was solid, his loyal army was strong. Iran had a thriving economy and a wealthy middle class. Why did, then, Iran go through an Islamic state? How and why the traditional Shi`i ulama in particular, came to lead the opposition to the Shah in the late 1970s? The Shah ultimately lost his throne becauseRead MoreRebellious Silence, a Photography, by Shirin Neshat Essay1255 Words   |  6 Pagesphotograph by Shirin Neshat represented the Iranian women and the revolutionary ideas behind this character that showed a fundamental role in every aspect of the Iranian political contemporary history. In the present, Iranian women must follow to strictures of dress and regulation including the hijab and full body covering as well as many other regulations forced on them by the Islamic Sharia’a law. However, this was not always the case. Before the Iranian revolution, the Shah began modernizing the stateRead MoreAmerican Influence and Foreign Policy in Iranian Revolution and Iranian Hostage Crisis1366 Words   |  6 PagesDid American foreign policy and influence lead to the Iranian revolution and spark the Iranian hostage crisis? Part A This investigation determines to what extent American foreign policy, within the years 1953-1982, caused the Iranian embassy siege. Furthermore, it questions the role that the Carter and Kennedy administrations had in furthering the American agenda within Iran. In order to assess the role American influence played, this investigation evaluates the relations between the Carter administrationRead MoreTaking a Look at the Iranian Revolution892 Words   |  4 PagesRevolution means to bring a change in something. In politics, it basically means to over throw a government with another government system. There are many revolutions took place in history and the Iranian revolution was one of them. Iranian revolution brought a big change in the Iranian society by over throwing the Shah’s government and establishing a new system called Islamic republic. Iranian revolution has also a lot of impact on Islamic countries. The Iranian revolution was the one of the mostRead MoreStrange Rebel s: 1979 and the Birth of the 21st Century is a monograph written by Christian Caryl, a1200 Words   |  5 Pages Strange Rebels: 1979 and the Birth of the 21st Century is a monograph written by Christian Caryl, a contributing editor at Foreign Policy magazine and a senior fellow of the Center for International Studies at MIT, which attempts to theorize the emergence of using revolutionary twin forces-religion and markets in 1979 and their radical alteration of the international economy in the 21st century. Caryl’s study covers five case studies from the root of 1979 and how strange rebels served as counterrevolutionaryRead MoreIran And The Iranian Revolution1227 Words   |  5 Pagesdiscontent that the Iranian citizens felt for their government and their economic situation was a contributing factor in the outbreak of the 1979 Iranian Revolution, it was the growing Western influence in Islamic culture that was the main cause for the revolution. The Iranian/Islamic Revolution refers to the events involving the deposing of Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi and pro-American government, and the r eplacement with an anti-Western authoritarian theocracy under the leader of the revolution, the GrandRead MoreThe Iranian Revolution1494 Words   |  6 Pagessplit between the Iranian theocracy focused on the triumph of Islam, and a Jewish state dedicated to the security of its people. Thus, these close relations ended abruptly after the 1979 Iranian Revolution when Ayatollah Khomeini, a leader devoted to traditional Islamic religious values, took power, and were only worsened during the Iran-Iraq war. The current conflict between Israel and Iran over Iran’s nuclear pursuits stems from the combination of the 1979 Iranian Revolution and the relationship

Symbolism In Short Story - 921 Words

Symbolism is a type of literary device which is used by most authors in many different literary genres, such as poems, short stories, and novels. It is the practice of using symbols to convey a more profound thought and idea to the readers, which can be displayed in various ways, such as objects, places, events, and facts. Symbols play a significant role in written works, as it helps the readers to understand the intended meanings and words that are associated with the events in the story. In the three short stories selected, symbolism is used to reveal the underlying message of the story. In this case, symbolism signifies social issues that are rampant in our society. The three short stories, â€Å"The Lesson†, â€Å"Indian Education†, and†¦show more content†¦Furthermore, there is a climactic scene in the story where Sylvia and Sugar interrupted a ceremony in the Catholic Church. Their unethical behaviour shows their unfamiliarity in a formal setting. Bambara demonstrates the significant gap between two different social classes in her story that were evident in the style of dressing, wealth, language, behaviour, and quality of education. Moving onto the next short story, Alexie’s â€Å"Indian Education† tackles social issues of racial discrimination and stereotyping, which stems from his personal experiences. As he was growing up, Victor faces discrimination from white people which made his childhood full of sorrow, fear, and misery. Victor explains how Indians are often perceived as outsiders and failures. Victor lives in a community where there is a gap between people from different cultures. Alexie uses different symbols to emphasize racial discrimination. Cutting one’s hair is one of these symbols which expresses Native Indian’s culture and identity. Victor states â€Å"She sent a letter home with me that told my parents to either cut my 14 braids or keep me home from class† (Alexie 321). The ultimatum Victor received affirms the boundaries that were set in place. It’s either Victor succumbs to their will or defend his culture. Many Native Americans perceive their hair as a memento of their identity and culture. Moreover, he was tormented by his peers verbally andShow MoreRelatedSymbolism in the Short Story Everyday Use Essay578 Words   |  3 Pagesof Walkers best short stories titled Everyday Use, tells the story of a mother and her two daughters conflicting ideas about their heritage. The mother narrates the story of the visit by her daughter, Dee. She is an educated woman who now lives in the city, visiting from college. She starts a conflict with the other daughter, Maggie over the possession of the heirloom quilts. Maggie still lives the lifestyle of her ancestors; she deserves the right of the quilts. This story explores heritageRead MoreGreat Theme of Symbolism in the Short Story, The Lottery, by by Shirley Jackson1033 Words   |  4 Pagescome in small packages, and short stories are a great example of that. Short stories, although not as lengthy as other forms of literature, still create a huge impact in a limited amount of time. The goa l of most short stories is to convey a message or moral, but like any form of literature, some short stories are better than others. Out of all the short fictions read in the Grade 11 English curriculum, The Lottery by Shirley Jackson is by far the most important story read because of the theme, theRead MoreThe Ones Who Walk Away From Omelas Literary Analysis1697 Words   |  7 PagesIn the short stories â€Å"The Ones Who Walk Away From Omelas† by Ursula Le Guin and â€Å"A Modest Proposal† by Jonathan Swift, the authors use literary criticism so the reader can dissect the many different literary elements such as symbolism and vivid ironic imagery that help explain the parallel theme going on in both stories. To achieve a world with peace throughout and reach a state of utopia some moral and ethical decay will take place. Both stories have social issues that test the citizens moral andRead MoreThe Lottery, By Shirley Jackson And A Rose For Emily By William Faulkner960 Words   |  4 PagesUse of Symbolism in â€Å"The Lottery† by Shirley Jackson and â€Å"A Rose for Emily† by William Faulkner The use of symbolism is used in literature to enhance writing and add meaning to a story, this is evident in the two short stories â€Å"The Lottery† written by Shirley Jackson and â€Å"A Rose for Emily† written by William Faulkner. With the authors use of symbolism Jackson and Faulkner are able to add depth to their writing in a way that connects with the readers. By adding symbolism to the short stories the authorsRead MoreEssay about Comp and Lit Comparison of Blue+Yellow/Story of an Hour1296 Words   |  6 Pagesthe short story â€Å"the Story of an Hour† by Kate Chopin and the short story â€Å"blue + yellow† by Chris Killen compare in many ways. These two stories use the same literary device strongly such as imagery. Imagery is a literary device in which the author uses words and phrases to paint a picture in the readers head throughout the story. These two short stories are written with very descriptive language to help paint a picture of the o ccurrences in the story and describe a scene. These two stories alsoRead MoreThe Impacts of Symbolism in A Rose for Emily by William Faulkner728 Words   |  3 PagesRegardless of the length of a story, an author can make their writing more interesting by using symbolism. Using symbolism can help the author give detail, depth, and meaning to their work. By giving the reader a mental picture of an object or idea, it is easier for the reader to connect and comprehend what the author is trying to say. The use of symbolism can also hint the reader of something that will happen in the future. Faulkners use of symbolism in A Rose for Emily defines and gives a betterRead More Analysis of Hills Like White Elephants Essay1049 Words   |  5 Pages is a short story published in 1927 that takes place in a train station in Spain with a man and a woman discussing an operation. Most of the story is simply dialogue between the two characters, the American and Jig. This couple is at a critical p oint in their lives when they must decide whether or not to have an abortion. Certain themes arise from this story such as choices and consequences, doubt and ambiguity, and how men and women relate. Hemingway also uses many examples of symbolism in â€Å"HillsRead More`` Hills Like White Elephants `` By Ernest Hemingway899 Words   |  4 PagesIn his short story Hills like White Elephants, Ernest Hemingway uses symbolism and landscape subtly but effectively to emphasize the tension between the main characters. The reader is asked to extrapolate much of the information in an indirect fashion. The reader must look into the symbolism and imagery used alongside the words the characters share and don’t share. The natural landscape covers almost the entire story, offering vivid images that contain a large amount of interpretive insight intoRead MoreThemes Of Eleven By Sandra Cisneros And On Turning Ten997 Words   |  4 PagesComparing and Contrasting In the short stories Eleven by Sandra Cisneros and On Turning Ten by Billy Collins both authors use multiple literary devices to achieve the theme of aging. In Eleven Sandra Cisneros uses figurative language, symbolism and mood to create the theme of aging. While in On Turning Ten the author uses word choice, figurative language and mood. The two of these authors use these literary devices to add to the theme but in different ways. These short stories both compare and contrastRead MoreBarn Burning by William Faulkner1028 Words   |  5 Pagesfamous works being short stories. Two of his most popular short stories are â€Å"A rose for Emily† along with â€Å"Barn Burning†. Faulkner has many other popular works, but â€Å"Barn Burning† was one of his well-known stories because of the many different of elements of literature in which Faulkner chose to include. Faulkner was known as a writer who could properly convey many different elements of literature, such as sy mbolism, conflict, tone, and many other elements of plot within his stories. In â€Å"Barn Burning†

How to Throw a Party Without Getting Caught By Parents Free Essays

Then, he wonders how e will ever keep it a secret from his parents. His life will be over if his parents find out and he will be grounded until he Is married. Luckily for him, he Just has to follow numerous steps In order to not receive a miserable punishment from his parents. We will write a custom essay sample on How to Throw a Party Without Getting Caught By Parents? or any similar topic only for you Order Now He will conquer his high school dream of becoming a part of the popular crowd and earn respect from his peers all while acting Like the perfect child towards his mother and father. As he learned in high school English class, research must be done before writing a huge research paper. He must first see when his parents and siblings will be out of own for more than a couple of hours in order to throw the party. He should do this by tip-toeing down to the kitchen, looking at the family calendar, and finding a day where the house will be completely empty and useable. He absolutely cannot ask his parents directly when they will be gone or the entire plan Is ruined and suspicion will fill his parents’ heads. If his parents planned for a family vacation for the weekend, he can simply play sick and contract a viral disease that will inhibit him from going on the family trip. With this terrible Illness, the family will have to leave him at home while they go on to their vacation. After all, he Is a high school boy and can take care of himself. If the whole family decides to stay home and â€Å"take care† of their beloved son, then he must magically hop out of bed, claim to be well again, and go on the trip. There will be another available time slot to have a house party. Once he finds a time where the family is gone for the day or night, he can begin to plan the party. If the parents decide to ask their neighbor or grandparents to check in on him, he should avoid this by telling the â€Å"watcher† that he does not want to get them sick and will send periodic pictures of what he is doing throughout the night. He will of course cake pictures alone in a room doing homework, reading, or listening to music while the rest of the party Is In another room. He must first find a close group of friends that will evaluate the student population and figure out who to invite. These friends must be trustworthy and not have parents who are friendly with the host’s parents. If a parent of one of his friends calls the host’s mom, the entire plan could be ruined If the friend’s mom says her son was at a party at their house. Once a group is formed, speak of the party to anyone but his close group of friends until he is 100% certain of the time and day of the party. He should wait till the day of the party to invite people. This should be done through Backbone. He should create an invite on Backbone and make the invite private which means only people he invited can see it. If he tells his peers a week before the party, talk could go around school, get whispered to parents, and get told to his mom and dad. The planning behind the party is key. Once the day of the party comes, he must think about every possible situation that could occur and safe proof the house. He must remove any objects that are sentimental to his parents, things that are easily broken, and valuables of any kind in moms where the teenagers will be occupying. Before doing so, he should take a picture of each room so that he can put back all objects into the correct spot. If his parents noticed a picture or lamp was moved to the other side of the room, they may become suspicious and ask questions. He must lock doors to rooms he does not want anyone in such as the parents room or the father’s office. If a teenager were to get into these rooms while unlocked, things could be moved around or stolen without the host even noticing. If the parents came home and saw a disruption in their bedroom r office, he would be punished immediately due to suspicion. The fewer the rooms that teenagers are allowed to go in to, the easier clean up will be. If there is illegal activity going on at the party such as underage drinking, the bathroom can be a common living area for party goers. There should be an excessive amount of toilet paper, paper towels, plungers, trash bags, and air fresheners in the bathrooms. With these available necessities, hopefully his guests will have chances to clean up after themselves. In order to minimize visibility to neighbors, he should drape or tape blankets and towels over the windows. This way, neighbors will not see any suspicious activity and call up his parents.. If his parents are coming home at one in the afternoon the following day, he should set three alarms in order to wake up four hours before his parents arrive. Once he does all these things, the party can begin and guests can arrive, but with caution. To lessen suspicion amongst neighbors, all guests should carpool with as many people as possible and park a block away from the house or scatter their cars throughout the neighborhood. This way, there will not be a line of cars in front of the house that is supposedly vacant. Once the guests enter the house, he should pump up the music to an appropriate level and peruse the party making sure all guests are having a great time. After each guest enters the house, he must lock the door immediately after. This way no uninvited teenagers can come in the party. Also, if a guest leaves the door open without the host knowing, the neighbors might catch a glimpse of the activity going on in the house and call the parents. Once he does this, he can enjoy himself at the party. He should monitor the rooms people are allowed in and clean up food, cups, or any trash left behind. If he does this, the cleanup will be easier the next day and trash will not accumulate under sofas or tables. He should make sure guests are all feeling well and having a good time. While doing these steps, he will also be meeting numerous friends and becoming the most popular guy in Tree Hill High School. Once the host becomes tired, he should tell all guests to leave and travel home safely. Before he falls asleep, he should call his parents to and say goodnight. They will not be suspicious of their son’s activities. After he says his goodbyes, he should clean up as much as he can. The clean-up process cannot be put aside and done five minutes before the parents come home. If he misses a single alarm and does not have time to clean up, the house will not be in perfect condition and his mom and dad will know he threw a raging house party. That is why he set three alarms to ensure this does not happen. After all three alarms wake him up; he must start with loading trash bags with bottles, cans, cups, boxes, or any large trash items. Because he woke up so early, he can have enough time to take these trash bags to a public dumping site so that his parents do not wonder why there are numerous trash bags for one person. He must look outside the window and make sure his guests did not dump their trash on his rent lawn. Once this is done, he should then move on to general clean-up such as mopping, sweeping, and putting back all the objects he originally took away. He must grab his camera, look at the pre-party pictures and make sure all heirlooms, pictures, and valuables are in their precise starting position. He should then unlock all the original rooms he blocked off. The host should do a scan of the house and make sure there are no holes in the walls or stains on the floors. If so, he should have enough time to figure out a solution. If there is a hole in the wall, he can cover it up with mouthing such as a chair and then casually admit that he caused the hole at a later time in the week when playing football in the house by himself. After the clean-up is done, he should change into casual clothes, plop on the couch, pop in a movie, and pretend that he Just woke up and is having a relaxing day. Once his parents came home, they will suspect no party occurred in the house and see that they have the best son in the world. As long as he follows every necessary step, he will throw the biggest, most raging house party to ever occur in his small town without his parents ever finding out. How to cite How to Throw a Party Without Getting Caught By Parents?, Papers

World Hunger free essay sample

Have you ever thought about how much food the world wastes and how this increases world hunger? It has been proven that of all the food produced for human consumption, over one-third of it is lost during a year and over the 35% of that would feed all the people who lack food in the world (Gunders). The planet is experiencing times of great frustration with this. While the birthrate increases approximately one percent every year, the food just does not get to all the people (Gunders). World hunger is an ancient problem in the world, in which Asia and Africa have been experiencing increasing alarming rates of starvation that demands a solution. World hunger is not due to a lack of food, but rather a disproportionate population distribution and an inadequate mismanagement of supplies. The lack of food is more a myth than reality. The amount of grain produced in the world today could provide for each person on the planet to have the equivalent of two loaves of bread per day (Brown). We will write a custom essay sample on World Hunger or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Our current food production could feed seven billion people, plenty enough for the six billion people living on Earth (Gunders). However, it is evident by the number of deaths and suffering that exists in some continents, which hunger still persists. Over the years it has been demonstrated that the amount of food the world has lost or wasted has increased dramatically. About 1974 people on the US had the manners of saving food because the production in the world was not the efficient that it is today (Femmer). Today we live in a world where food production has increased in a way where developed countries have an excess of food and people develop the custom to throw food instead of sharing or saving it; as a result the food waste increased to 1400 calories per day from 900 on 1974, only in the US (Femmer). That means about 75 trillion calories are wasted in a year. Instead they could be used to feed over 145 million people (Green). This numbers have to change in order to do well on distribution. The majority of food produced in the world is in economically developed countries such as the US, which has an over production of supplies. Meanwhile countries with hunger problems do not have the advantages of equipment and a self-sustaining market to encourage farmers to increase their production. With this the major producers of food in the world have a monopoly of the food production, causing a disorder on the world? s food distribution. A good example of this is Ghana. Twenty years ago the government started to initiate a program to increase the production of coffee in the country and then export it. For a few years, everything went well, but by late 1980`s and 1990`s the global market started to focus almost all their attention in the South American coffee producers and more economically developed Colombia. As a result Ghana’s price of coffee plummeted and the industry collapsed and suffered a small economic crisis (Frayrich). As developed countries monopolize the food around the world, they start to over produce and start making money with exportations so rich countries grow even richer, with this the less economically developed countries are not able to compete on the food market and require to buy the food that they don’t have to the monopoly owners (Mcandles). With this appears another problem, transportation. Most countries that do not have the resources to self supply themselves with products have to import them, and the same happens with food. There are many causes for not having the well to produce, in which the lack of fertile land, the little technology and money are the most common ones (Lee). That is why importations occur, but the essential problem of it is the cost of transportation. Food as well as other products is exported, but due to transportation costs â€Å"hunger† countries cannot buy that food and the percentage of food wasted increases. As those countries that do not export their food, it exist an over production where the remainder food is obviously lost because the people cannot eat it all. This is provoking the distribution problem to grow even more, because as poor countries do not have the money to produce food, they have even less money to buy food that is overvalued from its original price due to the transportation and additional costs that the countries put. Solutions must appear to solve all this problems. This really needs to change. The way to solve the problem of distribution is to encourage national governments of developed countries to subsidize the purchase of food for less economically developed countries. In this way, the poor states are able to increase their food supplies, while the farmers are still able to gain competitive prices for their products. This means that the food prices will increase so local farmers would start to produce more. As the poor countries produce more, they can be more self-sufficient and import less. The food market in the entire world would start to regulate, and the people would start to get food in a more proportional way in all countries. Due to it, the hunger problems would decrease. There are over fifty two countries, of which thirty seven are in Africa, that owe a total of 376 billion dollars in debt (Vidal). The repayment for this huge amount of money takes up a very large portion of each countrys income, leaving them with little left to solve their hunger problems. The areas where chronic persistent hunger occurs need capital and resources to develop and implement schemes to help them solve their problems. Cancelling world debt would provide these countries with the ability to help themselves, such as being able to develop their economy in order to safeguard against future hunger problems, develop and import technologies to begin and increase the amount of output from their arable land or help fund imports of food from abroad, helping them to solve the redistribution problem. Some people started to make conscience about distribution in England (Murrey); they have been creating some alternative â€Å"life styles† on the past few years, in which the save of food is the most important value, making to spread the idea through the globe (Dowdey). This urban tribe is called Freegan and they are known for their embrace community, generosity, social concern, freedom, cooperation, and sharing in opposition to a society based on materialism, moral apathy, competition, conformity, and greed (Fred). They are conscience people about the topic of the world hunger, and they know that the best thing they can do to solve it is to do well on the distribution of aliments. That is why they take the food from garbage and use it as their meal, being known as â€Å"the people who live from the garbage of others† (Fred). With this effort they save food that could be used for people that are dying of hunger. Today starvation does not affect everybody, but it is proven that about eight children die each day due to malnutrition and over one hundred forty six million more children are suffer from it (Vidal). What would happen if you were the parent of one of these kids that die each day? People must realize that world hunger is a serious problem the world is facing due to its bad food distribution, and the people are the ones who must start demanding their governments for reforms and/or just start helping by saving food and sending it to the disadvantaged countries. The improvement and  development of the planet relies on the will of each person, and with effort everything is possible.