Australian Consumer Law Tutorial Answers Free Essays

A delegate for Scoutmaster told Mrs. Trans that: ; â€Å"We accept the new lease is truly sensible and underneath the market value†; and The lease is lower than the rental paid by different inhabitants in the Food Court† Both proclamations were off base. Scoutmaster gave Mrs. We will compose a custom article test on Australian Consumer Law Tutorial Answers or on the other hand any comparable point just for you Request Now Trans 7 days to consent to the rent reestablishment, however gave no motivation to giving this restricted time span. Exhort Mrs. Trans with respect to whether Scoutmaster Pity Ltd has penetrated the Competition and Consumer Act 2010 (recently alluded to as Trade Practices Act 1974 (Act)) and provided that this is true, her accessible cures. Issue: Were the announcements deluding or beguiling in break of the Australian Consumer Law? Law: ; Section 18, Schedule 2 to the Competition and Consumer Act 2010 (Act) (or on the other hand you can say Section 18 Australian Consumer Law which is the title for Schedule 2) ; Section 4 (â€Å"presumption of misleading†) ; Eveready Australia Pity Ltd v Gillette Australia Pity Ltd OR Taco Company of Status Inc v Taco Bell Pity Ltd (â€Å"objective test†) Application: ; Explain which of the announcements was a conclusion and why the law presumes it was deluding (e was there any reason for making the sentiment? ; Apply the target test to the subsequent proclamation made by the Scoutmaster agent. Specifically: (what will be the objective market and for what reason would a sensible individual from that target showcase be misdirected or bamboozled? Issue: Did Scoutmaster participate in unconscionable lead? ; Section 22 Australian Consumer Law ; Miller v Gunter Ours OR Commercia l Bank of Australia v Amid ; Explain why area 21 and not segment 20 applies ; Explain why Scoutmasters’ lead was in exchange or trade ; Explain what the direct was and why it was unconscionable, concerning the components recorded in segment 22 of the Australian Consumer Law. Specifically: o The prevalent haggling position of Scoutmaster o Ability to comprehend records o Undue weight and strategies utilized Issue: Did Scoutmaster make a bogus or misdirecting portrayal? Segment Australian Consumer Law ; Explain why the announcements were bogus with respect to the cost of a help, specifically taking note of what the applicable cost is and what the administration is in the inquiry. Issue: What are the cures? Law: Section 236 (harms); Section 232 (directive); Section 243 (different requests) ; Explain the cures that Mrs. Trans would look for as you are prompting her and not the AC. Specifically: o Explain what an order would do and why Mrs. Trans would need this cure; o Explain when Mrs. Trans would be qualified for harms and how harms would be determined o Explain when Mrs. Trans boisterous need to change the agreement and what the variety would be o Explain when Mrs. Trans would need to void the agreement and what the impact of voiding the agreement would be Conclusion: ; Scoutmaster has occupied with misdirecting and beguiling behavior, unconscionable direct and made a bogus or deceiving portrayal in regard of the cost of a help. The most effective method to refer to Australian Consumer Law Tutorial Answers, Essays

Sports Management Essay Research Paper Sports ManagementSomeone free essay sample

Sports Management Essay, Research Paper Sports Management Individual one time stated, ? There are the individuals who cause things to go on, the individuals who ticker things occur, and the individuals who wonder what occurred. ? I see myself as one of those uncommon individuals who really knows how to? do things occur. ? I have gone from being a supporter to being a pioneer, from being individual who was constrained and uncertain to a person who is confident and self-stating. It has been a particular digestion, and it has changed my future expert projects and individual finishes. The awakening of my independency occurred during the terminal of my play area ball season my first-year twelvemonth in school when my caput supervisor had cut my grant in light of lack of help. I was confronted with doing my first develop assurance into what my from now on was to keep. The undermentioned twelvemonth I moved to Thomas School trusting to get it done again which did non happen in light of the fact that there were non sufficient members enlisted to get down the softball plan. We will compose a custom exposition test on Sports Management Essay Research Paper Sports ManagementSomeone or then again any comparative theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page At Thomas College, I understood that I was making a trip to class for the mistaken ground # 8212 ; to take care of business. The thought hit me that being at Thomas College was non venturing out to secure me where I needed to go throughout everyday life. I so moved to the University of Charleston, where I am before long. I needed to indict a sports bearing evaluation, while using my athletic capacities to participate in play area ball. I have no declinations on the conclusions I have made, in light of the fact that I would neer be the individual I am today or hold met the entirety of the cardinal individuals along the way. All through my school calling, I have endeavored to larn each piece much as conceivable about the field of athleticss course through arranged work encounters with a wide range of sorts of athleticss associations. Through my encounters with individuals in a minor meeting baseball affiliation, fittingness nine, open dealingss segment, athletic areas, and grouped redirection places, I have had the opportunity to create and sharpen my imparting and open connection achievements in a few distinct nations. These encounters have helped me infer a superior dread of my calling closes in the athleticss business. In add-on to the clasp spent out in the field, my guidance at College of Charleston has more remote built up my achievements and comprehension of athleticss course, explicitly in the nations of selling, exposures, open and media dealingss, and course. I have other than gotten the opportunity to be associated with arranged extracurricular exercises that have given me the achievements and insight that I have utilized in my work encounters . Numerous builds that I have gained from these exercises were non instructed in the schoolroom, yet were imparted through reasonable encounters. As great, I feel being a member in sports has helped me to turn both by and by and expertly. The collection of field understanding, runing from a minor meeting baseball plan to being an exercises facilitator at a retreat, to going an athleticss data aide to my college has given me a full situation of the wide range of the brandishing business. I seek to a bringing in exposures in the athleticss business since I appreciate run intoing new individuals and holding the opportunity to participate in athleticss, however most essentially the sentiment of thrill I get directly before an athleticss rivalry, is equivalent to the inclination I get working in the background fixing for a spotless occasion. I really relax sorting out the occasions that lead up to the central occasion. As I look toward my from now on in athleticss advancements/open dealingss, I trust probably the best resource will be tie ining with others. Before long with my place of games data partner, dealingss with numerous combinations of gatherings of individuals (, for example, neighborhood media, moving as an undertaking between segments at the University, benefactors, fans, understudies, and muscle heads ) is profoundly of import so as to keep viable imparting. Through run intoing new individuals, I trust one gets familiar with oneself, which at long last causes one to comprehend and connect to others better. The individuals that have sought me to use to Ohio University # 8217 ; s Sports Organization plan, have moved on from OU. Working with and for, Colleague Men # 8217 ; s Basketball Coach, Jeff Boals, have helped me to get where I can and could go by come ining this arrangement. Plus, two different businesses that I have interned for are the two alumnas of the former student sports removal plan at OU: Dr. Steven Rader, a previous athletic administrator and by and by the organizer of an undergrad sports bearing arrangement, and Heath Brown, previous General Manager of the Charleston Alley Cats. I feel that Ohio College will help in giving me the apparatuses to do my calling happen ; henceforth, I need the insight and experience I have increased through my classifications, viable and proficient encounters, and commitment in sports, to secure me a meeting. Through my meeting and endorsements, you will see I can be a important in addition to the Ohio University Sport Administration plan. I need to? ? do things go on? what's more, I will. 329

Whats the Difference Between a Hyphen and a Dash

What’s the Difference Between a Hyphen and a Dash (4) They might all look like lines on a page, but hyphens and dashes serve different purposes. To begin, a hyphen (-) is shorter than a dash (â€"). Hyphens join words together and dashes indicate range. But that’s just the beginning. If you really want to keep these lines straight, read on. What is a hyphen? A mark of punctuation that joins words, or word parts, together. Hyphen Examples: half-baked, non-violent, twenty-seven Common Hyphen Uses Numbers Numbers written or typed from 21 to 99 Examples:   twenty-one, ninety-nine Fractions Written fractions Examples:   two-thirds, nine-sixteenths Connection If an entire word cannot fit on a single line, a hyphen is used. This is often seen in newspapers or written work. Examples: We are planning an explo- ration of the Amazon. My English teacher took points off my bibli- ography since it was not in MLA or APA format. Compound Modifiers Words that are joined together to describe the noun that follows. Example: kid-friendly restaurant, fashion-forward magazine, MLA in-text citation Compound Nouns Two or more words that have been combined to be understood as one. Example: six-year-old, daughter-in-law Note: Compound modifiers  are usually only hyphenated when they come before the noun they describe. Example: We live in off-campus housing vs. We live off campus. The rules for hyphenation are hotly debated and change often. For example, some words that used to be hyphenated, like “homeowners” and “email,” are now simple compound words. To be absolutely sure, use an up-to-date reference guide or dictionary. Remember: A hyphen’s job is to join words together which means when typed, there should never be a space on either side. What is a dash? A mark of punctuation that indicates a range. Example: In my opinion 2012 â€"â€" 2014 were the best years yet. A mark of punctuation that indicates a non-essential phrase in a sentence. Example: Jennyâ€"â€"who called herself my best friendâ€"â€"stole my boyfriend. Dashes are longer than hyphens and they come in two types. En dash The en-dash is the shorter of the two. It is about as long as the letter “N.” The en-dash indicates range. Example: For tonight’s homework, read pages 35â€"50. It can also be used to write sports scores. Example: Our team won 75â€"60. Em dash The em-dash is the longest of all. It is about the same length as the letter “M” and should never have spaces before or after. As the longest, it is used when you want to create great emphasis on a phrase. Example: After I baked the cakesâ€"twelve in totalâ€"the client cancelled the order. How to create hyphens and dashes in a document One reason hyphens and dashes are confused is that only the hyphen has a designated key on the typical keyboard, but there is a way to create them all. The hyphen is simply the minus sign on your keyboard. Creating a dash is slightly more complicated and varies between word processing programs. For some, tapping the minus sign twice and hitting the space bar is enough, while others require a combination of the shift, control and option keys. A quick online search will help you find the right solution for your writing tools. Hyphens and dashes may look similar, but if you can master their subtle differences you are well on your way to defining your own writing style. Now that you have dashes and hyphens down, review your paper for other grammatical points with the EasyBib Plus essay checker! Check for spelling, subject-verb agreement, and other potential issues. We also have grammar guides to help you learn what is a prepositional phrase, how determiners work, how to use interjections, and other grammar basics.

A Doll s House By Henrik Ibsen - 1505 Words

Henrik Ibsen’s A Doll’s House is the perfect expression of social and ethical issues during the 1800’s community. Fascinatingly, the setting was placed not too long after the enlightenment, which had a significant impact among the characters and themes of the play. One action that would summarize the theme and the plot of the play would be â€Å"deception†, as if hiding everywhere and everything is necessary. Accordingly, the main characters within the play pretended to be someone that is accepted by conventional aspects of society instead of who they really are or what they want to characterize. The most significant figure who projected the themes of A Doll’s House would be Nora – the impeccable example of a woman living as two lives, the â€Å"two†¦show more content†¦It is dramatic how Torvald acknowledge Nora as just a little girl, or an inhuman being, It is dramatic how Torvald acknowledge Nora as she was an immature girl, and even an inhuman being, â€Å"Is that my lark twittering out there?† and â€Å"When did my squirrel come home?† (Ibsen 220). He addressed Nora as a young child. In addition, Torvald mentioned about giving money to her as their interaction seem to be portrayed as parents giving money to their adorable, young daughter. Correspondingly, those portrayals made Nora appeared like custody rather than an equal companion in a marriage. This is Henrik Ibsen’s first approach of introducing Nora to the readers, a naà ¯ve and obedient wife. Since it is the beginning of the play, the audiences have limited knowledge of Nora; however this is a role she has to play as one of her life. As the play goes on, Torvald had an illness in the past, and in order to save Torvald’s life, Nora was compelled to take a loan from a wealthy man named Mr. Krogstad. Ironically, Nora not only â€Å"hides† her action from Torvald, but because of the situation, in the legal method of acquiring the loan, she falsified a signature to get the money on time for her husband’s life. It is astonishing how Ibsen portrayed woman could not obtain a loan due to ordinary social aspects, â€Å"No, a wife can’t get a loan without her

Ethical Dilemmas In Information Systems Project - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 906 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2019/05/08 Category Society Essay Level High school Topics: Ethical Dilemma Essay Did you like this example? Ethical dilemmas in Information Systems Project In projects, especially big information systems projects risks are high. There is a lot of pressure on the team members and the project managers to get the job done on time, within budget and conforming to the scope. Not surprisingly, there are many situations during the lifetime of the project that ethical dilemmas arise. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Ethical Dilemmas In Information Systems Project" essay for you Create order These ethical dilemmas are situations which require people to make a choice between options. In situations like these project managers should take corrective actions and their actions can set the tone of ethics in the project. In this article we will see two ethical dilemmas that arise in IT projects, their implications and suggestive actions for project managers. One of the examples of ethical dilemmas that arise in projects is the failure in reporting the exact picture to all the stakeholders. A project has many stakeholders, like clients, project managers, team members, customers etc. These stakeholders have the right to know the exact picture of the project at all the required times. It is the duty of everyone involved in a project to make sure everyone else is aware of the correct status because their actions can hamper others work. For example, sometime in situations like a project falling behind the deadline or a project exceeding budget, it becomes an ethical dilemma for the project managers whether or not to tell the clients or customers about this delay or over budgeting. He/She faces dilemmas like how much of the truth should be revealed. There are many implications if there is a failure in reporting the exact picture to all the stakeholders. If the delay caused in a project is not conveyed to lets say Client, they will be under the impression that project is moving in accordance to the desired timeline and will keep on expecting the delivery on time and many times due to this pressure of delivering on time the quality of the product is compromised to a large extent. This compromises the reputation of the company, of the project manager as a professional leading to low market value. It is the duty of the PM to make sure exact picture is reported to all the stakeholders. This can be done in many ways, for example by establishing a reporting standard and the team know in advance. PM can conduct regular meetings every week to closely monitor the progress of the project. They should maintain a backlog for issues and modules that are not completed in time. PMs should try to be as accurate as possible in their reporting. If they are using any approximations, they should be conveyed beforehand. PMs are the liaison between the team and all other stakeholders; obviously they are under a lot of pressure and may sometimes end up falsifying the reports. They should try to not succumb to such pressure and should try to maintain transparency. Another example of ethical dilemma project managers face is when to call a project quits. There are many situations when a project needs to be shut down. Situations like when there are changes in the business requirements in middle of the project and the new requirements dont align with the goals of the company, project managers then decide whether to go on with a project or not. PMs being a connection between the company and stakeholders, they clearly know whether the business requirements map clearly with the goals of the project. It becomes an ethical dilemma for the project managers whether or not to call it quits. Over budgeting is also a major reason why projects get called off. In case of over budgeting, PM should take a call whether or not to continue with the project. There are many implications if a project doesnt get called off at the right time. A project that is dragged unnecessarily results in wastage of company resources like people working on a project, budget allotte d and time involved. If a project manager decides to call a project off at the right time because of issues mentioned above, all the resources working on the project can work for something else instead of a non-yielding project. When a project is large and involves a lot of people, this wastage can scale up to millions of dollars. Decision of calling off a project at the right time thus becomes very crucial in order to save time and money. As mentioned before, the Project managers should decide when to continue with a project and when to call it off. PMs can address these situations via variety of ways. Combination of budget and strategic conditions are main criteria project managers should consider while deciding whether to use resources on a project or not. They can conduct initial meetings with all the involved stakeholders and can come up with criteria to be considered while evaluating the future of the project. The established criteria should be clearly stated in the Project charter by the PM at the start of the project and the project should be regularly evaluated against the charter in order to have a clear understanding of the health of the project. Thus, we can say that a project can never be devoid of ethical dilemmas. As seen in the article, project managers should try and resolve these ethical dilemmas in a way that everyone is benefitted at the end and the focus of the project is not compromised.

Understanding Business Research Terms and Concepts Free Essays

In the following examples, determine whether the term independent variable or dependent variable is appropriate. Michael is interested in learning the effects of using celebrity endorsement on sales. What type of variable is a celebrity endorsement? Independent Variable In an experiment, this variable is expected to be affected by the manipulation. We will write a custom essay sample on Understanding Business Research Terms and Concepts or any similar topic only for you Order Now Dependent Variable Criterion variable is synonymous with this term. Dependent Variable Several of these variables are somewhat correlated and are therefore are not independent among themselves. Independent Variable A predictor variable is synonymous with this term. Independent Variable Fill in the blanks with the term independent variable, dependent variable, or moderating variable. Incentives independent variable are expected to increase productivity dependent variable especially among newer employees moderating variable. The dependent variable should not precede the independent variable in a research study. In an experiment, participants experience a manipulation of the independent variable, called the experimental treatment. How to cite Understanding Business Research Terms and Concepts, Essays

Rural Banking in Nigeria, Issues and Challenges (a Case Study of Wema Bank of Nigeria Plc free essay sample

Chapter one 1. 0 Introduction Database system developed because of the need to store large amount of data and retrieve that data quickly and accurately for example, a University abrary stores details about the books held and loans taken out by student. Not very long ago this information about the books and loads might have been stored in a box card index, nowadays, only a few decades later, student are able to view their loans online and see if a book is available and reserve it. The abrary staff can quickly access statistics on overdue books, popular books which never have the shelves. Another example is a company that accepts customer orders for instance, orders for spare parts for electrical goods. Originally orders might have been created when a customer telephone the company to place the order. If information about the customer already existed in a paper file then his/her details would be requested and recorded. We will write a custom essay sample on Rural Banking in Nigeria, Issues and Challenges (a Case Study of Wema Bank of Nigeria Plc or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page An order form would have been filled in and copies: one copy being stored in a filing cabinet, the other, information on stock held would need to be accessed. Eventually, the order entry system was computerized so that by the 1960’s the data about customers and orders might have been stored in a computer file- a magnetic tape file and then later magnetic desk. These files were processed by computer programs. Other applications programs were used which could create invoices, orders to suppliers and so on. Although different application software would at times require similar data, the data would be kept on different files. In both types of system, the paper one and the files system, processing was slow and problems of inconsistencies of data could easily develop. The introduction of shaved files. Whereby different applications shaved some of the same files, solved some of the problems described earlier, and was good for providing routine data. For example, a customer order application and an invoicing application might use both the customer and stock files, and ind addition their own files. As only one copy of each file was made available, the inconsisitencies were avoided. However, this method was not efficeient, as a share file would only be available to one application at a time. Share files systems were also not effective in providing data for planning and control of an organization. In the 1960’s database systems began to emerge with the release of the IBM production IMS, a system where the user viewed the data as a hierarchical tree. In the late sixties, database systems based on a different data model where developed. This time the user view of the data was a network of data recorded. In both cases skilled programmers were required and users tended to be large organizations. The database approach was an improvement on the share file solution as the software which was used to control the data was quite powerful. The software consisted of a number of components which provided facilities for acquiring data, data security and integrity and the ability to access the data simultaneously by different users. Another character of database systems is that the underlying structure of the data is isolated from the actual data itself. The specification of the entire database is called Schema. There are various level of Schema- the conceptual schema or model is discussed below. If there is a requirement to change the structure of the data, the change will be made at the schema level. Such changes are independent of both the physical storage level and the level seen by individual users. Returning to our brief history, by the 1970’s the study of database systems had become a major academic and research area. The relational model was first proposed in 1970 by Ted Codd with his services of pioneering papers. The theory underpinning relational database is derived from the mathematical principles of set theory and predicate logic. The model is based on the familiar concepts of table, rows and columns and the manipulation of these tables is achieved through a collection of simple and well understood set theory operators. The query language SQL, based on relational algebra, was developed and has become the most important query language for relational databases. The first commercial relational product was Oracle’s DBMS and was released in 1980. The relational model has been successfully adopted for transaction processing in numerous organizations and support most of the major database systems in commercial use today. Its ability to handle efficiently simple data types, its powerful query language, and its good protection of data from programming errors make it an effective model. 1. statement of the problem/ limitation ? DBMS are expensive products, complex and quite different from many other software tools. Their introduction therefore represents a considerable investment, both direct and indirect. ? DBMS provide, in standardized form, a whole set service, which necessarily carry cost. In the cause where some of these services are not needed, it is different to extract the services actually required from the others, and this can generate inefficiencies. . purpose of the study Why use a database system? What are the advantages? To some extend the answer to these questions depends on whether the system is single or multi user. Let us use a wine seller as an example of a single use case. Its database is so small and simple that the advantages might not be all that obvious, but imagine similar datab ase for a large restaurant, with a stock of perhaps thousands of bottles and very frequent changes to that stock, or think of a liquor store, with again a very large stock and high turnover on that stock. The advantages of a database system over traditional, paper-paper methods of recordkeeping are perhaps easier to see in these cases. ? Compactness:-There is no need for possible voluminous paper files. ? Speed:- the machine can retrieve and update data far faster than a human can. In particular, adhoc, supur- of- the moment queries. ? Less drudgery:- much of the sheer tedium of mechanical tasks are always better done by machines. ? Currency:- Accurate, up- to- date information is available on demand at any time. 3. Research Question Consider a hospital information system with the following characteristic:- A patient can either be a resident patient who is admitted to the hospital or an out patient who comes to the hospital for an out patient clinic. ? For both types of patient we will need to hold the birth patient’s name, telephone number, address, date of birth and the patient doctor. ? For resident patient we will need to hold the ward name in which the patient is currently residing, the admission date of the patient, and also information about any operations that the patient has had. ? For out – patient, we will need to hold information about the outpatient, the appointment date and time. . significance of the study ? redundancy can be reduced:- in non database systems each application has its own private files. This fact can often lead to considerable reducdancy in store data, with resultant waste in storage space for example, a personnel application might both own a file that includes departmental information for employees. As suggested in those two files can be integrated, and the redundancy eliminated, so long as the data administrator is aware of the data requirements for both application i. e. so long as the enterprise has the necessary overall control. Incidentally, can or necessarily should be eliminated. Sometimes there are sound business or technical reasons for maintaining several distinct copies of the same data, however, we do mean to suggest that any such redundancy should be carefully controlled that is, the DBMS should be aware of it, if it exists and should assume responsibility for propagating updates. ? Inconsistency can be avoided This is really a corollary of the previous point. Suppose a given fact about the real word – say the fact that employee E3 works in department D8 – is represented by two distinct entries in the database. Suppose also that the DBMS is not aware of this duplication. There will necessarily be occasion on which the two entries will not agree: namely when one of the two has been updated and the other not. At such times the database is said to be inconsistent. Clearly, a database that is in an inconsistent state is capable of supplying incorrect or contradictory information to its users. ? Transaction is a logical unit of work, typically involving several database operations. The standard example involves the transfer of a cash amount from one account A to another account B. Clearly two updates are required have, one to withdraw the cash from account A and the other to deposit it to account B. if the user has stated that the two updates are part of the same transaction, then the system can effectively guarantee that either both of then are done or neither is even halfway through the process. ? Security can be enforce:- Having complete jurisdiction over the database, the DBA can ensure that the only means of access to the database is through the proper channels, and hence can define security constraints or rules to be checked whenever access is attempted to sensitive data. Different constraints can be established for each type of access to each piece of information in the database. Chapter two 2. 0 Literature Review:- Explanation of Boyce- Codd Normal Form. Definition of Boyce- Codd Normal Form. In this section, we will formalize the ideas illustrated in section 8. 1, in the light of what we have said on functional dependencies. Let us start by observing that, in our example, the tow properties causing anomalies correspond exactly to attributes involve in functional dependencies: The property â€Å"the salary of each employee is unique and depends only on the employee, independently of the project on which he or she is working† can be formalized by means of the functional dependency Employee salary. ? The property â€Å"the budget of each project is unique and depends on the project, independently of the employees who are working on it† corresponds to the functional dependency project budget. Furthermore, it is appropriate to note that th e function attribute indicates, for each tuple, the role played by the employees in the project. This role is unique, for each employee-project pair. We can model this property too using a functional dependency. ? The property â€Å"in each project , each of the employees involved can carry out only one function â€Å" corresponds to the functional dependency Employee Project function. As we have mentioned in the previous section, this also a consequence of the fact that the attributes employee and project form the key of the relation. We saw in section 8. 1 how the fist two properties (and thus the corresponding functional dependencies) generate undesirable redundancies and anomalies. The third dependency is different. It never generates redundancies because, having Employee and project as a key, the relation cannot contain two tuples with the same values of these attributes (and thus of the function attribute). Also, from a conceptual point of view, we can say that it can generate anomalies, because each employee has a salary (and only) and each project has a budget (and only one), and thus for each employee- project pair we can have unique values for all the other attributes of the relation. In some cases, such values might not be available. In these case, since they are not part of the key, we would simply replace them with null values without any problem. We can thus conclude that the dependencies: EmployeeSalary ProjectBudget Cause anomalies, whereas dependency. Employee ProjectFunction dose not. The difference, as we have mentioned, is that Employee Project is a super key of the relation. All the reasoning that we have developed with reference to this specific example, is more general. Indeed: redundancies and anomalies are caused by the functional dependencies X >Y that allow the presence of many equal tuples on the attributes in X. hat is from the functional dependencies X>Y such that X dose not contain a key. We will formalize this idea by introducing the notion of Boyce- Codd normal form (BCNF), which takes the name from its inventors. A relation r is in Boyce- Codd normal from if for every (non-trivial) functional dependency X>Y defined on it, X contain a key K of r. That is, X is a super key for r. Anomalies an d redundancies, as discussed above, do not appear in database with relations in Boyce- Codd normal form, because the independent pieces of information are separate, one per relation. Decomposition into Boyce- Codd normal form Given a relation that dose not satisfy Boyce- Codd normal form, we can often replace it with one or more normalized relations using a process called normalization. This process is based on a simple criterion: if a relation represents many real-world concepts, then it is decomposed into smaller relations, one for each concept. Let us show the normalization process by means of an example. We can eliminate redundancies and anomalies for the relation in figure 8. 1 if we replace it with the three relations in figure 8. , obtained by projections on the set of attributes corresponding respectively to the three items of information mentioned above. The three relations so that each dependency correspond to different relation, the key of which is actually the left hand side of the same dependency. In this way, the satisfaction of the Boyce- Codd normal from is guaranteed, by the definition of this normal form itself. 2. 1 Normalization Introduction O ne of the principal objectives of relational database is to ensure that each item of data is held only once within the database. For instance, if we hold customers’ address then the address of any one customer is represented only once throughout all the tables of the application. The reasons for this are, first, simply to minimize the amount of space required to hold the database, but also and more importantly to simplify maintenance of the data. If the same information is held in two or more place, then each time the data changes, each occurrence of the data must be located and amended. Also having two copies of the same data gives rise to the possibility of their being different. In many case, it is relatively easy to arrange the tables to meet this objective. There is, however, a more formal procedure called normalization that can be followed to organized data into a standard format which avoids many processing difficulties. The process of normalizing tables is described in this chapter. Overview of normalization process In order to understand the process of normalization, it is necessary to refer back to the concept, mentioned earlier, of the ‘ruling part’ and ‘dependent part’ of the rows. The ruling part, also known as the key value of the table, is the column of columns that specify or identify the entity being described by the row. For instance, the key of the project table is the project code since this value uniquely specified the project been described by the other column of the row, the dependent column. The purpose of normalization is:- †¢ To put data into a form that confirm to relations to principles, e. g. , single valued column, each relation represents one entity. †¢ To avoid redundancy by storing each fact within the database only once. †¢ To put the data into form that is more able to accommodate change. †¢ To avoid certain difficulties in updating (so-called anomalies, described later). †¢ To facilitate enforcement of constraints on the data. Normalization involves checking that the tables confirm to certain rules and, if not, re-organizing the data. This will mean creating new tables containing data drawn from the original table. Normalization is a multi-stage process, the result of each of the stage being called a ‘normal form’ successive stage produce a grater degree of normalization. There are total of seven normal form, called in increasing degree and grouped for the convenience of description. †¢ First, second and third normal forms (abbreviation to 1NF, 2NF and 3NF) †¢ Boyce-Codd (BCNF) †¢ Fourth normal form (4NF) Fifth normal form (5NF) and domain-key normal form (DK/NF) The normal forms 1NF, 2NF and 3NF are the most important and all practical database applications would be expected to conform to these. The likelihood of a set of tables requiring modification to comply with these is quite high. The Boyce-Codd normal form is a more stringent form of 3NF an again should be applied system . There is less chance of this normal form affecting the structure of the table. The fourth and fifth normal forms are unlikely to be significant in a practical system that has designed, say using the EB approach. The highest normal form, the domain-key, was devised by Fagin in 1981 (Fagin 1981). Fagin prove that this normal form was the last on higher form is possible or necessary since a relation in DK/NF can have no modification anomalies. However, this is mostly of theoretical interest since there is no known procedure for converting to this form. The first three normal forms are most significant and are usually sufficient for most applications. These will be described in some detail in the following section; the other normal forms will be covered in the subsequent sections in somewhat less detail. Normal form 1NF, 2NF and 3NF The normalization process assumes that you start with some information description of all the data attributes that the database application appears to require; this is often called ‘un-normalized data’. This set of attributes is then tested using criteria defined by each of the normalization stages. If the data fails the criteria, there is a prescribed procedure for correcting the structure of the data; this inevitably involves the creation of additional tables. The overall process of normalization for the first three stages is summarized in figure5. . To understand what these step is imply, we can return again to the example initially introduced in Chapter One (1) concerning a correspondence college. For convenience, the specification of the example is reproduced below. A small correspondence college offers courses in a range of topics. For each course, student completes a series of assignments which are sent to the office. The assignments a re gathered into batches of up to ten assignments are sent to tutors for making. (i. e) complete batches of up to ten assignments are sent to tutors). Assume that there can be infinite number of tutors. These tutors mark the assignments, then return them, retaining them within the same batches. A system is require that enables ‘tracking’ of the assignments, so that the college knows what assignment have been received, sent to tutors of marked. Also, the system should keep a running total of the number of assignments that have been marked by each tutor. UN-NORMALIZED DATA Remove all repeating groups FIRST NORMAL FORM If the primary key has more than one field, ensure that all other fields are functionally dependent on the whole key SECOND NORMAL FORM Remove all transitive dependences. i. e ensure that all fields Dependent on non-key fields THIRD NORMAL FORM As we did in chapter one (1), we can represent the data diagrammatically as shown in figure 5. 2. We view this data design as a attempt at forming a relational table to represent the application data. Naturally, we would prefer as few tables as possible so we have combined all the data into one tentative table design. The attribute Batch Number will be used as a provisional primary key. mmmmmmm Batch Number

Environment Scan and Industry Analysis

Environment Scan and Industry Analysis Industry Description At early stages of development, the company at issue began operating as Great Cups of Columbus in Ohio area. The main concept of the company lied in delivering coffee in over-sized cups to adhere to their motto: â€Å"A Great Coffee of Coffee, at a Great Price†. Further development of company’s strategies focused on the analysis of its major competitors, such as Starbucks.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Environment Scan and Industry Analysis specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More To stand the competition, the managers started developing and, as a result, the company managed to expand its market share within a decade. With regard to economic variables, it should be stressed that the company is affected by such forces as economic rates, energy price, GDP tendencies, and acceptability. In this respect, higher employment rates might lead to changes to coffee consumption and to incre ase in food products sales at the account of retail coffee delivery. According to the information received from the U.S. Census Bureau (2006), there is a 7.6 % annual increase in sales of the company’s products. The company’s revenues, therefore, increased from $ 7 billion in 2000 up to $ 11 billion in 5 years (Specialty Coffee Association of America, 2005). Regarding the societal and demographic factors, it should be stressed that coffee is considered one of the most consumed products in the United States and abroad. Therefore, greater demand for coffee can be ensured through increasing the quality of product and services for consumers. Currently, the company continues its expansion policy by developing new coffee stores in different regions and considering new cultural and social layers of the US population (Great Cups Coffee Company, 2011). As a result of the proposed strategy, consumer’s analysis has triggered the coffee producers to focus on sustainable cof fees that are more concerned with environmental factors. As compared to alcohol and tobacco products, the coffee has strengthened its position at the market due to the enhanced brand loyalty and development of a new concept of the product as a noble beverage. Within the industry matrix, the major criteria for company’s success involve such aspects as convenience of location, product quality, service speed, product range, and pricing strategy. Porter’s Five Forces Analysis The consideration of the factors determining the successful development and profitability of industry is important because it allows the managers to predict future potential and shortcomings of industry expansion (Ahlstrom Bruton, 2009).Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More With regard to these issues, the Great Cups Coffee Company should be more focused on such forces as locati on and price that are interconnected in the fight for a competitive advantage. The proposed Strategic Group Map developed below considers the above-mentioned aspects. The graphic diagram demonstrates the competitiveness of the leading coffee industries with regard to price and location. From the above-established indices, it is seen that Great Cups is the most successful in terms of its pricing and location policy whereas Starbucks is more focused on price rather than on location and, therefore, its competitiveness is much higher than the Great Cups. Second, lower price of the Great Cups’ products does not ensure its advantage over other producers due to the lack of the brand image, as compared to Starbucks and Dunkin Donuts. Therefore, this gap should be fulfilled to continue their market expansion. Despite the disadvantages, the Great Cups Coffee has a beneficial position in terms of reasonable price, high quality products, and market segmentation. In order to prevent the risks, specific emphasis should be placed on societal environment analysis to present coffee as a brand, but not as a commodity to be consumed. A Summary of Opportunities and Threats to Retail Coffee Chains Participating in the Coffee Industry Due to the great competition and a range of directions for development, the Great Cups Coffee Company has great opportunities for market expansion due to the rapid growth in the coffee industry. The emergence of new distribution channels, as well as product expansion, can provide a new option for developing the image of the product and create the shift from consumerist ideology (Hunger Wheelen, 2003). In addition, expansion of stores and exploration of new geographic locations is also crucial because it allows managers to predict the needs of new clients’ base. Finally, developing a limited product portfolio and presenting store names should also widen the company’s opportunities and provide a competitive advantage.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Environment Scan and Industry Analysis specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More As per the threats, the company should constantly invent new strategies to face rigid competition because coffee is considered among the most consumed products all over the world. Further, pricing strategy and demand rates must be considered as a solution to the brisk competition. The Great Cups Coffee’s major competitor is Starbucks that successfully uses its pricing and location philosophy to be the leading coffee provider (Gillespie, 2005). Finally, the company should also pay attention to the cultural environment and moral codes within an organization to strengthen the values among the employees. Both consumers and employees should be aware of the strong mission of an organization that relies on improvement of the overall climate and quality of services. References Ahlstrom, D., Bruton, G. D. (2009). Inte rnational Management: Strategy and Culture in the Emerging World. US: Cengage Learning. Gillespie, E. M. (2005). Starbucks sees growing demand for drive-thru coffee. The Associated Press. Web. Great Cups Coffee Company (2011). About Great Cups. Web. Hunger, J. D. Wheelen, T. L. (2003). Essentials of strategic management (3rd ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Specialty Coffee Association of America (2005). Specialty Coffee Retail in the USA 2005. Web.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More U.S. Census Bureau (2006). Advance monthly sales for retail and food services: July 2006 release. Web.

Environment Scan and Industry Analysis

Environment Scan and Industry Analysis Industry Description At early stages of development, the company at issue began operating as Great Cups of Columbus in Ohio area. The main concept of the company lied in delivering coffee in over-sized cups to adhere to their motto: â€Å"A Great Coffee of Coffee, at a Great Price†. Further development of company’s strategies focused on the analysis of its major competitors, such as Starbucks.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Environment Scan and Industry Analysis specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More To stand the competition, the managers started developing and, as a result, the company managed to expand its market share within a decade. With regard to economic variables, it should be stressed that the company is affected by such forces as economic rates, energy price, GDP tendencies, and acceptability. In this respect, higher employment rates might lead to changes to coffee consumption and to incre ase in food products sales at the account of retail coffee delivery. According to the information received from the U.S. Census Bureau (2006), there is a 7.6 % annual increase in sales of the company’s products. The company’s revenues, therefore, increased from $ 7 billion in 2000 up to $ 11 billion in 5 years (Specialty Coffee Association of America, 2005). Regarding the societal and demographic factors, it should be stressed that coffee is considered one of the most consumed products in the United States and abroad. Therefore, greater demand for coffee can be ensured through increasing the quality of product and services for consumers. Currently, the company continues its expansion policy by developing new coffee stores in different regions and considering new cultural and social layers of the US population (Great Cups Coffee Company, 2011). As a result of the proposed strategy, consumer’s analysis has triggered the coffee producers to focus on sustainable cof fees that are more concerned with environmental factors. As compared to alcohol and tobacco products, the coffee has strengthened its position at the market due to the enhanced brand loyalty and development of a new concept of the product as a noble beverage. Within the industry matrix, the major criteria for company’s success involve such aspects as convenience of location, product quality, service speed, product range, and pricing strategy. Porter’s Five Forces Analysis The consideration of the factors determining the successful development and profitability of industry is important because it allows the managers to predict future potential and shortcomings of industry expansion (Ahlstrom Bruton, 2009).Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More With regard to these issues, the Great Cups Coffee Company should be more focused on such forces as locati on and price that are interconnected in the fight for a competitive advantage. The proposed Strategic Group Map developed below considers the above-mentioned aspects. The graphic diagram demonstrates the competitiveness of the leading coffee industries with regard to price and location. From the above-established indices, it is seen that Great Cups is the most successful in terms of its pricing and location policy whereas Starbucks is more focused on price rather than on location and, therefore, its competitiveness is much higher than the Great Cups. Second, lower price of the Great Cups’ products does not ensure its advantage over other producers due to the lack of the brand image, as compared to Starbucks and Dunkin Donuts. Therefore, this gap should be fulfilled to continue their market expansion. Despite the disadvantages, the Great Cups Coffee has a beneficial position in terms of reasonable price, high quality products, and market segmentation. In order to prevent the risks, specific emphasis should be placed on societal environment analysis to present coffee as a brand, but not as a commodity to be consumed. A Summary of Opportunities and Threats to Retail Coffee Chains Participating in the Coffee Industry Due to the great competition and a range of directions for development, the Great Cups Coffee Company has great opportunities for market expansion due to the rapid growth in the coffee industry. The emergence of new distribution channels, as well as product expansion, can provide a new option for developing the image of the product and create the shift from consumerist ideology (Hunger Wheelen, 2003). In addition, expansion of stores and exploration of new geographic locations is also crucial because it allows managers to predict the needs of new clients’ base. Finally, developing a limited product portfolio and presenting store names should also widen the company’s opportunities and provide a competitive advantage.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Environment Scan and Industry Analysis specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More As per the threats, the company should constantly invent new strategies to face rigid competition because coffee is considered among the most consumed products all over the world. Further, pricing strategy and demand rates must be considered as a solution to the brisk competition. The Great Cups Coffee’s major competitor is Starbucks that successfully uses its pricing and location philosophy to be the leading coffee provider (Gillespie, 2005). Finally, the company should also pay attention to the cultural environment and moral codes within an organization to strengthen the values among the employees. Both consumers and employees should be aware of the strong mission of an organization that relies on improvement of the overall climate and quality of services. References Ahlstrom, D., Bruton, G. D. (2009). Inte rnational Management: Strategy and Culture in the Emerging World. US: Cengage Learning. Gillespie, E. M. (2005). Starbucks sees growing demand for drive-thru coffee. The Associated Press. Web. Great Cups Coffee Company (2011). About Great Cups. Web. Hunger, J. D. Wheelen, T. L. (2003). Essentials of strategic management (3rd ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Specialty Coffee Association of America (2005). Specialty Coffee Retail in the USA 2005. Web.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More U.S. Census Bureau (2006). Advance monthly sales for retail and food services: July 2006 release. Web.

Environment Scan and Industry Analysis

Environment Scan and Industry Analysis Industry Description At early stages of development, the company at issue began operating as Great Cups of Columbus in Ohio area. The main concept of the company lied in delivering coffee in over-sized cups to adhere to their motto: â€Å"A Great Coffee of Coffee, at a Great Price†. Further development of company’s strategies focused on the analysis of its major competitors, such as Starbucks.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Environment Scan and Industry Analysis specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More To stand the competition, the managers started developing and, as a result, the company managed to expand its market share within a decade. With regard to economic variables, it should be stressed that the company is affected by such forces as economic rates, energy price, GDP tendencies, and acceptability. In this respect, higher employment rates might lead to changes to coffee consumption and to incre ase in food products sales at the account of retail coffee delivery. According to the information received from the U.S. Census Bureau (2006), there is a 7.6 % annual increase in sales of the company’s products. The company’s revenues, therefore, increased from $ 7 billion in 2000 up to $ 11 billion in 5 years (Specialty Coffee Association of America, 2005). Regarding the societal and demographic factors, it should be stressed that coffee is considered one of the most consumed products in the United States and abroad. Therefore, greater demand for coffee can be ensured through increasing the quality of product and services for consumers. Currently, the company continues its expansion policy by developing new coffee stores in different regions and considering new cultural and social layers of the US population (Great Cups Coffee Company, 2011). As a result of the proposed strategy, consumer’s analysis has triggered the coffee producers to focus on sustainable cof fees that are more concerned with environmental factors. As compared to alcohol and tobacco products, the coffee has strengthened its position at the market due to the enhanced brand loyalty and development of a new concept of the product as a noble beverage. Within the industry matrix, the major criteria for company’s success involve such aspects as convenience of location, product quality, service speed, product range, and pricing strategy. Porter’s Five Forces Analysis The consideration of the factors determining the successful development and profitability of industry is important because it allows the managers to predict future potential and shortcomings of industry expansion (Ahlstrom Bruton, 2009).Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More With regard to these issues, the Great Cups Coffee Company should be more focused on such forces as locati on and price that are interconnected in the fight for a competitive advantage. The proposed Strategic Group Map developed below considers the above-mentioned aspects. The graphic diagram demonstrates the competitiveness of the leading coffee industries with regard to price and location. From the above-established indices, it is seen that Great Cups is the most successful in terms of its pricing and location policy whereas Starbucks is more focused on price rather than on location and, therefore, its competitiveness is much higher than the Great Cups. Second, lower price of the Great Cups’ products does not ensure its advantage over other producers due to the lack of the brand image, as compared to Starbucks and Dunkin Donuts. Therefore, this gap should be fulfilled to continue their market expansion. Despite the disadvantages, the Great Cups Coffee has a beneficial position in terms of reasonable price, high quality products, and market segmentation. In order to prevent the risks, specific emphasis should be placed on societal environment analysis to present coffee as a brand, but not as a commodity to be consumed. A Summary of Opportunities and Threats to Retail Coffee Chains Participating in the Coffee Industry Due to the great competition and a range of directions for development, the Great Cups Coffee Company has great opportunities for market expansion due to the rapid growth in the coffee industry. The emergence of new distribution channels, as well as product expansion, can provide a new option for developing the image of the product and create the shift from consumerist ideology (Hunger Wheelen, 2003). In addition, expansion of stores and exploration of new geographic locations is also crucial because it allows managers to predict the needs of new clients’ base. Finally, developing a limited product portfolio and presenting store names should also widen the company’s opportunities and provide a competitive advantage.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Environment Scan and Industry Analysis specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More As per the threats, the company should constantly invent new strategies to face rigid competition because coffee is considered among the most consumed products all over the world. Further, pricing strategy and demand rates must be considered as a solution to the brisk competition. The Great Cups Coffee’s major competitor is Starbucks that successfully uses its pricing and location philosophy to be the leading coffee provider (Gillespie, 2005). Finally, the company should also pay attention to the cultural environment and moral codes within an organization to strengthen the values among the employees. Both consumers and employees should be aware of the strong mission of an organization that relies on improvement of the overall climate and quality of services. References Ahlstrom, D., Bruton, G. D. (2009). Inte rnational Management: Strategy and Culture in the Emerging World. US: Cengage Learning. Gillespie, E. M. (2005). Starbucks sees growing demand for drive-thru coffee. The Associated Press. Web. Great Cups Coffee Company (2011). About Great Cups. Web. Hunger, J. D. Wheelen, T. L. (2003). Essentials of strategic management (3rd ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Specialty Coffee Association of America (2005). Specialty Coffee Retail in the USA 2005. Web.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More U.S. Census Bureau (2006). Advance monthly sales for retail and food services: July 2006 release. Web.

M26 Pershing Tank in World War II

M26 Pershing Tank in World War II The M26 Pershing was a heavy tank developed for the U.S. Army during World War II. Conceived as a replacement for the iconic M4 Sherman, the M26 suffered from an extended design and development process as well as political infighting among the U.S. Armys leadership. The M26 arrived in the final months of the conflict and proved effective against the latest German tanks. Retained after the war, it was upgraded and evolved. Deployed during the Korean War, the M26 proved superior to the tanks used by Communist forces but struggled at times with the difficult terrain and suffered from various issues with its systems. The M26 was later replaced by the Patton series of tank in the U.S. Army. Development Development of the M26 began in 1942 as production was beginning on the M4 Sherman medium tank. Initially intended to be a follow-on for the M4, the project was designated T20 and was to serve as a test bed for experimenting with new types of guns, suspensions, and transmissions. T20 series prototypes employed a new torqmatic transmission, the Ford GAN V-8 engine, and the new 76 mm M1A1 gun. As testing moved forward, problems emerged with the new transmission system and a parallel program was established, designated T22, which utilized the same mechanical transmission as the M4. A third program, the T23, was also created to test a new electric transmission which had been developed by General Electric. This system quickly proved to have performance advantages in rough terrain as it could adjust to rapid changes in torque requirements. Pleased with the new transmission, the Ordnance Department pushed the design forward. Possessing a cast turret mounting the 76 mm gun, the T23 was produced in limited numbers during 1943, but did not see combat. Instead, its legacy proved to be its turret which was later utilized in 76 mm gun-equipped Shermans. Panther Tank. Bundesarchiv, Bild 101I-300-1876-02A A New Heavy Tank With the emergence of the new German Panther and Tiger tanks, efforts began within the Ordnance Department to develop a heavier tank to compete with them. This resulted in the T25 and T26 series which built upon the earlier T23. Devised in 1943, the T26 saw the addition of a 90 mm gun and substantially heavier armor. Though these greatly increased the tanks weight, the engine was not upgraded and the vehicle proved underpowered. Despite this, the Ordnance Department was pleased with the new tank and worked to move it towards production. The first production model, T26E3, possessed a cast turret mounting a 90 mm gun and required a crew of four. Powered by the Ford GAF V-8, it utilized a torsion bar suspension and torqmatic transmission. Construction of the hull consisted of a combination of castings and rolled plate. Entering service, the tank was designated M26 Pershing heavy tank. The name was selected to honor General John J. Pershing who had founded the U.S. Armys Tank Corps during World War I. M26 Pershing DimensionsLength: 28 ft. 4.5 in.Width: 11 ft. 6 in.Height: 9 ft. 1.5 in.Weight: 41.7 tonsArmor ArmamentPrimary Gun: M3 90 mmSecondary Armament: 2 Ãâ€" Browning .30-06 cal. machine guns, 1 Ãâ€" Browning .50 cal. machine gunArmor: 1-4.33 in.PerformanceEngine: Ford GAF, 8-cylinder, 450–500 hpSpeed: 25 mphRange: 100 milesSuspension: Torsion BarCrew: 5 Production Delays As design of the M26 came to completion, its production was delayed by an ongoing debate in the U.S. Army regarding the need for a heavy tank. While Lieutenant General Jacob Devers, the head of U.S. Army forces in Europe advocated for the new tank, he was opposed by Lieutenant General Lesley McNair, commander Army Ground Forces. This was further complicated by Armored Commands desire to press on the M4 and concerns that a heavy tank would not be able to use the Army Corps of Engineers bridges. With the backing of General George Marshall, the project remained alive and production moved forward in November 1944. While some claim that Lieutenant General George S. Patton played a key role in delaying the M26, these assertions are not well supported. Ten M26s were built in November 1943, with production escalating at the Fisher Tank Arsenal. Production also commenced at the Detroit Tank Arsenal in March 1945. By the end of 1945, over 2,000 M26s had been built. In January 1945, experiments began on the Super Pershing which mounted the improved T15E1 90mm gun. This variant was only produced in small numbers. Another variant was the M45 close support vehicle which mounted a 105 mm howitzer. An M26 Pershing of A Company, 14th Tank Battalion, is transported aboard a pontoon ferry across the Rhine on March 12, 1945. National Archives and Records Administration World War II Following American losses to German tanks in the Battle of the Bulge the need for the M26 became clear. The first shipment of twenty Pershings arrived in Antwerp in January 1945. These were split between the 3rd and 9th Armored Divisions and were the first of 310 M26s to reach Europe before the end of the war. Of these, around 20 saw combat. The M26s first action occurred with the 3rd Armored on February 25 near the Roer River. Four M26s were also involved in the 9th Armoreds capture of the Bridge at Remagen on March 7-8. In encounters with Tigers and Panthers, the M26 performed well. In the Pacific, a shipment of twelve M26s departed on May 31 for use in the Battle of Okinawa. Due to a variety of delays, they did not arrive until after the fighting had ended. Korea Retained after the war, the M26 was re-designated as a medium tank. Assessing the M26, it was decided to rectify the issues of its under-powered engine and problematic transmission. Beginning in January 1948, 800 M26s received new Continental AV1790-3 engines and Allison CD-850-1 cross-drive transmissions. Along with a new gun and host of other modifications, these altered M26s were redesignated as the M46 Patton. USMC M26 Pershing tank advancing in Korea, September 4, 1950. National Archives and Records Administration With the outbreak of the Korean War in 1950, the first medium tanks to reach Korea were a provisional platoon of M26s dispatched from Japan. Additional M26s reached the peninsula later that year where they fought alongside M4s and M46s. Though performing well in combat, the M26 was withdrawn from Korea in 1951 due to reliability issues associated with its systems. The type was retained by U.S. forces in Europe until the arrival of new M47 Pattons in 1952-1953. As the Pershing was phased out of American service, it was provided to NATO allies such as Belgium, France, and Italy. The Italians used the type until 1963.

Cryptography & Coding Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Cryptography & Coding - Essay Example There are various factors involved in the security of a variety of software applications, ranging from protected commerce payments, personal communications as well as defending passwords. One fundamental way for safe communications is cryptography. Cryptography is presently the main information and data security technology. However it is significant to note that as cryptography is essential for safe communications, it is not by itself sufficient. This research presents a detailed analysis of the cryptography technology in terms of information and data safety. In this research I will present the comprehensive overview of the main security and privacy aspects those we need to assess during the implementation of any security policy. The technology of cryptography is very old but its utilization in the information technology sector was seen after the emergence of web based crimes. The research will spotlight on the main cryptographic technology, types, algorithms, application areas, main advantages, and some of the main technological scenarios. Introduction Data is the most important element of the firms for the reason that they heavily rely on this data to run and manage their business tasks. Basically, data can be defined â€Å"as the â€Å"group of unrefined facts representing events taking place in organizations or the physical environment prior to they have been structured and managed into a structure that people can identify and utilize and Information refers to data that have been transformed into a structure that is important and functional to human beings† (Laudon & Laudon, 1999, p.7; Norton, 2001, p.4). Without a doubt, both the data and information are believed to be the main assets of almost all the business organizations. In this scenario, it is essential for the business organizations to protect these assets from possible threats. According to (Laudon & Laudon, 1999, p. 502), â€Å"security is a set of rules, actions, and technical measures u sed to stop unlawful access or modification, robbery, and physical damage to the database. Privacy refers to the right of individuals and organizations to forbid or restrict the compilation and utilizations of information about them.† In the past, information privacy was uncomplicated to retain for the reason that information was kept in different locations. Each business had its own acknowledgment files. Each government agency kept detached records. Doctors kept their own patient files. On the other hand, at present, massive databases store this data online. A large amount of this data is private and secret and should be reachable only to approved users (Shelly, Cashman, & Vermaat, 2005, p. 591). In this situation the data security becomes a big challenge which demands implementation of effective methods. Cryptography provides useful techniques for security of data and information. Technology of Cryptography can be described as the science which deals with the processes of al teration of information or data into a scrambled code that can be decoded and sent all through a private or public network (Akdeniz, 1996; Kessler, 2009). Anonymity and Privacy In their research article (Martin, 2006) discuss that both the privacy and anonymity on the web are noteworthy because they are hard to attain. Online privacy concerns are in the news each day currently.

Business continuity and crisis management Essay - 2

Business continuity and crisis management - Essay Example BCM plays an important role in every organization that uses it. One major aim of having a BCM program on any business to is to give it the capacity to have a quick and effective response to global crises such as cyber attacks mostly through data breaches, natural disasters and ensure the business interests of the organization are protected. (Blyth, M. 2009). What this means is that BCM is not only about crisis management, but it also includes disaster and business recovery, incident and emergency management. The ISO 22301, which is a system of business continuity management, places emphasis on a few areas that are crucial in BCM.First, it suggests that there is a great need to have an understanding of the needs of continuity and preparedness. Moreover, there is need to understand why it is necessary to establish a BCM policy and objectives in an organization. It adds that the effectiveness of the entire process relies heavily on this understanding. Secondly, there is need for an orga nization to implement and operate controls that can manage its overall continuity risks. It therefore, suggests that it would be meaningless to have a BCM policy when the organization is not ready to implement it. (Bajgoric, N. (n.d.). Thirdly, the organization should constantly review and monitor the effectiveness of the BCM program to ensure it is working according to its goals. Finally, the regular assessment of BCM will lead to objective measurements that are important in continual improvement.

The Tragedy of the Commons Theory Analysis

The Tragedy of the Commons Theory Analysis In The Tragedy of the Commons, Garrett Hardin argues that appeals to conscience are not effective in solving common problems. First, I will explain Hardins arguments against appealing to conscience and why he thinks it is ineffective, and then show what he thinks will work instead of appeals to conscience. After that, I will describe why I dont think his reasoning is correct and offer an alternate proposal for why appealing to conscience can solve commons problems. Next, I will respond to my proposal to make a reasonable case for it. Finally, I will show that I make a stronger case than Hardin and that appealing to conscience is very effective means of solving common problems. Hardin states that conscience is self-eliminating (Hardin, p. 1246). He references Charles Galton Darwin who shows that persons who appeal to conscience would when confronted with appeals to limit breeding, would respond by limiting breeding. C.G Darwin argues that this does not fit with the theory of natural selection and these people would, after hundreds of generations, cease to exist. Hardin argues that based on natural selection and the heredity of conscience, persons who are more susceptible to appeals to conscience have a system set up to eliminate that trait form the race. He uses heredity generally to include germ cell transmission of traits and exosomatical transmission of traits. Hardin also discusses how asking someone to stop doing something, he uses exploiting the commons as an example, in the name of conscience (Hardin, p. 1246) is a contradiction. He describes the two different messages being sent as intended and unintended communication. This is referred to as the double bind by Bateson. When one makes a request for an appeal to conscience what is intended to come across is that If you dont do as we ask we will openly condemn you for not acting like a responsible citizen. (Hardin, p. 1246). The unintended message one receives is that If you do behave as we ask, we will secretly condemn you for a simpleton who can be shamed into standing aside while the rest of us exploit the commons. (Hardin, p. 1246). This unintended message, Hardin claims, triggers guilt and anxiety. While this can be effective, Hardin questions whether the ends justify the means. He doesnt think it is acceptable to use techniques that are psychologically pathogenic. His response to t his is that instead of psychologically manipulating persons who exploit commons we should adjust the social arrangements in regards to responsibility. His response leads from the philosopher Charles Frankel who defines responsibility as the product of definite social arrangements. (Hardin, p. 1247). Hardin explains that to keep a bank robber from using the bank as a commons, you dont reprimand him or aim to psychologically coerce him you change the social arrangements. If you say the bank is not a commons then the social arrangements will keep it from becoming a commons. According to Hardin the way in which we can alter social arrangements is through privatization and taxes. I dont think that Hardins view that conscience is self-eliminating is valid. If one can make the appeal to conscience to limit breeding, than they should also be able appeal to their conscience to increase population when necessary. This is to say that persons who appeal to conscience can adhere to many appeals to conscience, not only ones that would decrease their population. Take into account religious organizations that preach that persons are put on this earth solely to reproduce and that by not doing so they will face disapproval or judgment. This is an appeal to conscience. Having as many kids as you can is the right thing to do; it is your obligation to have as many children as possible. This works as well with many people as appealing to conscious to save the earth and decrease our population does with another type of persons. His argument that being susceptible to conscience will cause them to go extinct does not hold for all persons of conscience. In relation to common problems I believe that appeals to conscience can provide a solution so long as it is paired with education. I think it is unreasonable to say that there can only be one way to solve common problems, allowing for appeals to conscience be paired with education. By incorporating an educational piece into an appeal to stop exploiting commons it solves the problem of the double bind. You are able to clearly convey the intended message as before. However, the unintended message is cleared because you are actually showing facts and figures on why people should stop exploiting commons. If you have the evidence that shows that the pros out way the cons to cutting back on usage, then people wont feel like they are being swindled. While this may take more time than privatizing land or charging taxes because you may have to try multiple time to get people to fully understand the facts it can still work. People that are more susceptible to appeals of conscience will agree more readily to stop exploiting the commons. As more people make appeals to conscience the persons that are less susceptible can see the improvements that are being made by those that have stopped exploiting the commons. The research and education piece will build on itself making a stronger case for everyone to appeal to conscience. An objection that can be made is whether it is morally acceptable to come at people on a psychological level. Exposing a person as irresponsible citizen can still cause stress and make some people appeal to conscience when they are merely afraid of being judged. This can cause a problem when the actions and advocacy of individuals that have appealed to conscience is a large part of appropriately educating people. If this happens it will be less effective than originally thought. I think that because of the psychological pathogen that is conscience, Hardin makes a better argument for staying away from using it to solve commons problems. While appealing to conscience while appropriately educating can work, it would take more time and effort than merely changing the social arrangements. I also believe that his claim that conscience is self-eliminating is not accurate. This however, does not affect the larger issues of using conscience to solve common problems. In The Tragedy of the Commons, Garrett Hardin argues that appeals to conscience are not effective in solving common problems. Hardins argues against appealing to conscience because he thinks that conscience is self eliminating and that using a psychological pathogen is ineffective and morally problematic. He suggests changing the social implication of a commons by using privatization and taxes to solve commons problems. I disagree that conscience is self eliminating and that appeals to conscience can work as long as people are properly educated at the same time to solve the problem of the double bind. Unfortunately, this does not solve the problems that may come up as conscience is still a psychological tool and may have negative effects to the plan. I think that Hardin makes a stronger case that taxation and privatization are the most effective ways to solve commons problems.

Starbucks Corporation & Tully’s Coffee Corporation

Starbucks Corporation & Tully’s Coffee Corporation MBA 522: Financial Management December 9, 2008 Tully’s Coffee Corporation Established in 1992, Tully’s Coffee Corporation is a Seattle based coffee retailer and wholesaler. The main products offered by the company are baked food items, coffee products and pastries. Additionally, their coffee beans have exceptional sales in regional supermarket and grocery stores. The company currently operates over 100 stores in the western region of the United States and they have embarked upon a business venture in Japan where Tully’s is creating quite a coffee presence, they are also investigating expansions into other foreign markets. The Corporation started generating profits in the year 2006 (About Tully’s, 2007). Starbucks Corporation Seattle-based Starbucks Corporation is the leading coffeehouse chain in the world. The company currently has operations in more than 44 countries. The main products offered by Starbucks include a wide variety of beverages, coffee beans and brewing equipment, and a wide assortment of snacks and sandwiches. The company also branched into marketing music and books (The Company, 2008). Ratio Analysis RatiosStarbucksTully's Coffee Current Ratio0. 790. 51 Quick Ratio0. 300. 30 Debt Equity Ratio1. 345. 22 Proprietary Ratio0. 430. 24 Solvency Ratio0. 571. 24 Inventory Turnover Ratio12. 1311. 27 Gross Profit Ratio (%)23. 3444. 96 Net Profit Ratio7. 1515. 76 Return on Proprietors' Funds29. 45- Earning Per Share0. 910. 004 Current Ratio Current ratio may be defined as the relationship between current assets and current liabilities. It is also known as the working capital ratio (2: 1 ratio). It is calculated by dividing current assets by current liabilities. Current assets of a firm represent those assets which can be, in the ordinary course of business, converted into cash within a period not exceeding one year. Current liabilities are those obligations which are to be paid within a period of one year of current assets or by creation of current liabilities (Van Horne, Wachowicz & Bhaduri, 2005). Current ratio of the Starbucks Corporation and Tully’s Coffee Corporation is . 79 and . 51 respectively, during the year 2007. There is a difference in the current ratio of both companies, reflecting the weak liquidity position of both companies – and it illustrates that neither company has short term solvency. Liquidity position can be improved to some extent and can be made equivalent to industry average. The industry average of current ratio is . 90: 1. The current ratio of Tully’s is unsatisfactory and reflects weak position of the company. Quick Ratio This ratio is also helpful in analyzing the short term financial position of a business. Quick ratio is the measure of the instant debt paying ability of the business enterprise, hence, it is called quick ratio (Van Horne, Wachowicz & Bhaduri, 2005). A quick ratio of 1:1 is considered as an ideal ratio. If the liquid ratio is more than 1:1, the financial position of the firm is deemed to be sound. On the other hand, if the ratio is less than 1:1 the financial position of the firm is unsound. Quick ratio of Starbucks is . 30:1 and Tully’s ratio is . 30:1. There is no difference between the quick ratios of Starbucks & Tully’s Coffee. Overall, the short term liquidity position of both firms is quite poor because the ratios are less than the desired norm. For instance, current ratio should be 2:1 whereas, it is less than 1:1. Similarly, the liquidity ratio is much less than 1 as compared to ideal standard of 1:1. Therefore, the companies will face difficulties in paying current obligations on maturity. Debt Equity Ratio This ratio indicates the relative proportion of debt and equity in financing the assets of a firm. Debt Equity ratio reflects the relative claims of creditors and shareholders against the assets of a firm. The industry average of ratio is . 42:1. Debt equity ratio of Tully’s is 5. 22:1. This figure is not at all satisfactory; the ratio of 1:1 is considered within norms and reasonable. The Starbucks ratio is 1. 34:1, which is quite reasonable. A high debt equity ratio has serious implications from the firm’s point of view. A high proportion of debt in the capital structure leads to the inflexibility in operations of the firm as creditors would exercise pressure and interfere in management. Tully’s has high debt-equity ratio which is unfavorable for the company. Proprietary Ratio Proprietary ratio establishes a relationship between proprietors or shareholder’s funds and total assets of the business. This ratio highlights the general financial strength of the firm. It is of great importance to creditors since it enables them to find out the proportion of shareholder’s funds in the total assets used in the business. The ratio of Starbucks is . 43:1 and for Tully’s it is . 24:1. The proprietary ratio is low for both companies. Although there is little difference in performance of both corporations, it is Starbucks that is in better position. Solvency Ratio This ratio measures the long term solvency of the business. It reveals the relationship between total assets and total external liabilities. This ratio measures the proportion of total assets provided by the creditors of the firm, i. e. what part of assets is being financed from loans (Van Horne, Wachowicz & Bhaduri, 2005). The total assets of Starbucks are more than their total liabilities, which indicates that the company is solvent. Tully’s liabilities are more than their total assets, reflecting that the firm is not solvent. In this instance the higher the ratio, the greater the amount of creditors that are being used to generate profit for the owners of the firm. The difference in both the companies’ ratio is very high, although Starbucks has better performance than Tully’s in terms of solvency. Inventory Turnover Ratio The ratio indicates the number of times inventory is replaced during the year. It measures the relationship between the cost of goods sold and the inventory level. The inventory turnover ratio measures how quickly inventory is sold (Van Horne, Wachowicz & Bhaduri, 2005). The inventory turnover ratio of Starbucks is 12 times while Tully’s ratio is 11 times. Starbucks and Tully’s both have similar ratios, below that of the industry average. Thus, both corporations have inefficient inventory management. Generally speaking, a high inventory turnover ratio is better than a low ratio. A high ratio implies good inventory management. A very low level of inventory has serious implications, as it adversely affects the ability to meet customer demand. Gross Profit Ratio The ratio expresses the relationship of gross profit on sales to net sales in terms of percentage (Van Horne, Wachowicz & Bhaduri, 2005). Goss profit is the result of the relationship between prices, sales volume and costs. Gross profit margin of Starbucks Corporation is 23%, whereas the ratio for Tully’s is 45%. Tully’s ratio is high as compared to Starbucks, which is a sign of good management. It implies that the cost of production for the firm is relatively low. Tully’s has reasonable gross margin which ensures adequate coverage for operating expenses and sufficient return to the owners of the business, which is reflected in the net profit margin. Net profit Ratio This measures the relationship between net profits and sales of a firm. The net profit margin is indicative of management’s ability to operate the business with sufficient success not only to recover revenues of the period, the cost of merchandise or services, the expenses of operating the business and the cost of the borrowed funds, but also leave a margin of reasonable compensation to the owners for providing their capital at risk (Van Horne, Wachowicz & Bhaduri, 2005). Net profit ratio of Tully’s Coffee and Starbucks is -15. 67% and 7. 15%, respectively. Starbucks Corporation is generating adequate returns for its owners. On the other hand, Tully’s net profit margin is negative. The company is suffering from huge losses and has incurred net losses in the year 2007. Overall efficiency and profitability of Starbucks is higher than Tully’s Coffee. Return on Proprietary Funds The ratio expresses the percentage relationship between net profit and proprietors funds or shareholder’s investment (Van Horne, Wachowicz & Bhaduri, 2005). It is used to ascertain the earning power of shareholders investment. Return on proprietors’ fund for Starbucks is 29. 5%. The ratio could not be calculated for Tully’s Coffee as net profit and shareholder’s funds, both are negative. Starbucks has better performance and a higher return than Tully’s Coffee. Earning Per Share The rate of dividend on shares depends upon the amount of profits earned by the firm. Whatever profit remains, after meeting all expenses and paying preference share dividend, belongs to equity shareholders (Van Horne, Wachowicz & Bhaduri, 2005). These are the profits earned on equity share capital. The earning per share is calculated by dividing the profit available to equity shareholders by the number of shares issued. This is a popular ratio as it measures the profitability of a firm from the owner’s standpoint. Starbucks EPS is higher than Tully’s, which shows that the market price of the firm would be greater. Earning per share of Tully’s Coffee has no value, it is almost negligible. Higher EPS helps the company to raise additional capital without difficulty. This ratio plays an important role in comparison of the two companies from an investment point of view. Investment Decision It would be my choice to invest in Starbucks Corporation, as the overall performance and productivity is higher. The liquidity analysis performed through current ratio and quick ratio reveals that the Starbucks is positioned better in terms of liquidity; the company also has superior position in term of long-term solvency. Though gross profit ratio of Tully’s Coffee is high, overall Starbucks has a favorable financial position in that they would be able to quickly convert various assets into cash. Starbucks Corporation is generating adequate returns and reasonable profits which are sufficient for effectively running their operations. The corporation is generating higher returns for their shareholders, illustrating that the resources are effectively utilized. EPS is very high at Starbucks, which is necessary for the investment. Thus, I feel that an investment in Starbucks Corporation is a better choice, as it would yield higher returns for this investor. References About Tully’s. (2007). Retrieved November 21, 2008, from http://www. tullys. com/company/ Starbucks Corp: Financial Statement. (2008). MSN Money. Retrieved November 21, 2008, from http://moneycentral. msn. com/investor/invsub/results/statemnt. aspx? Symbol=SBUX&lstStatement=Balance&stmtView=Ann The Company. (2008). Retrieved November 21, 2008, from http://www. starbucks. com/aboutus/overview. asp Tully's Coffee Corporation. (2008, November). Hoovers. Retrieved November 21, 2008, from http://www. hoovers. com/free/co/secdoc. xhtml? ID=58100=6157151-141335-231989 Van Horne, J. C. , Wachowicz, J. M. , & Bhaduri, S. N. (2005). Fundamentals of Financial Management (12th Ed. ). (pp. 130-133). United Kingdom: Pearson Education

Mahatma Gandhis Path to peace Essay examples - 788 Words

Mahatma Gandhi once said, â€Å"I wish for equality for all people, except for photographers and journalists† (â€Å"Mahatma Gandhi biography†). Gandhi was commonly known for his loving personality and his passion for life and equality. It was his mission to free India from the clutches of the British Empire and he will be remembered as one of the greatest pacifists to walk this earth. However, to achieve all of his objectives for truth and equality, he would have to overcome many adversities and hardships during his life. Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi was born on October 2, 1869 at Porbandar, Kathiawar agency, British Indian Empire. He is better known today as Mahatma meaning great soul or Bapu meaning father (â€Å"Mahatma Gandhi biography†). In†¦show more content†¦In 1915, he returned to his home in India to rally peasants, farmers, and laborers to protest against discrimination and high taxes. He was treated poorly due to the color of his skin a nd his activities in organizing protests (â€Å"Mahatma Gandhi biography†). This was just the beginning of more adversities to come. One of the adversities Gandhi faced was financing. As a child, Gandhi’s life wasn’t the easiest. His family did not have a lot of money, so he didn’t live his life without difficulty. He was soft-spoken and only an average student. However, he conquered this problem by working hard, investing his money wisely, and saving up (â€Å"Mahatma Gandhi biography†), but his troubles were far from over. A large group of people attacked Gandhi in South Africa while he was there for the civil rights movement. The authorities arrived and pulled the attackers off Gandhi and asked if he would like to press charges against the mob. However, Gandhi said that he would not dare and that it was against his beliefs (Rosenberg). With most of his adversities conquered he focused on his protests and quest for equality. Throughout Gandhi’s life, he gave many speeches for equality, and the independence for India. His most famous speeches include Kasmir Issue, the Great Trial of 1922, the Roundtable Conference 1931, the â€Å"Quit India† speeches, the Eve of the Last Fast, Madvas, Dandi March, Benaras Hindu University, Inter-Asian Relation, andShow MoreRelatedGandhi s Life And Legacy1578 Words   |  7 PagesPaper 26 Apr. 2016 Gandhi’s Life and Legacy Throughout the course of history there have been many influential leaders that have stressed the use of non-violence and civil disobedience including Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi. Gandhi was a very influential and inspiring leader that was able to lead billions of people. He was willing to give up everything for what he believed in even though he knew that his actions could possibly lead to imprisonment and other legal consequences. 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