Symbolism In Short Story - 921 Words

Symbolism is a type of literary device which is used by most authors in many different literary genres, such as poems, short stories, and novels. It is the practice of using symbols to convey a more profound thought and idea to the readers, which can be displayed in various ways, such as objects, places, events, and facts. Symbols play a significant role in written works, as it helps the readers to understand the intended meanings and words that are associated with the events in the story. In the three short stories selected, symbolism is used to reveal the underlying message of the story. In this case, symbolism signifies social issues that are rampant in our society. The three short stories, â€Å"The Lesson†, â€Å"Indian Education†, and†¦show more content†¦Furthermore, there is a climactic scene in the story where Sylvia and Sugar interrupted a ceremony in the Catholic Church. Their unethical behaviour shows their unfamiliarity in a formal setting. Bambara demonstrates the significant gap between two different social classes in her story that were evident in the style of dressing, wealth, language, behaviour, and quality of education. Moving onto the next short story, Alexie’s â€Å"Indian Education† tackles social issues of racial discrimination and stereotyping, which stems from his personal experiences. As he was growing up, Victor faces discrimination from white people which made his childhood full of sorrow, fear, and misery. Victor explains how Indians are often perceived as outsiders and failures. Victor lives in a community where there is a gap between people from different cultures. Alexie uses different symbols to emphasize racial discrimination. Cutting one’s hair is one of these symbols which expresses Native Indian’s culture and identity. Victor states â€Å"She sent a letter home with me that told my parents to either cut my 14 braids or keep me home from class† (Alexie 321). The ultimatum Victor received affirms the boundaries that were set in place. It’s either Victor succumbs to their will or defend his culture. Many Native Americans perceive their hair as a memento of their identity and culture. Moreover, he was tormented by his peers verbally andShow MoreRelatedSymbolism in the Short Story Everyday Use Essay578 Words   |  3 Pagesof Walkers best short stories titled Everyday Use, tells the story of a mother and her two daughters conflicting ideas about their heritage. The mother narrates the story of the visit by her daughter, Dee. She is an educated woman who now lives in the city, visiting from college. She starts a conflict with the other daughter, Maggie over the possession of the heirloom quilts. Maggie still lives the lifestyle of her ancestors; she deserves the right of the quilts. This story explores heritageRead MoreGreat Theme of Symbolism in the Short Story, The Lottery, by by Shirley Jackson1033 Words   |  4 Pagescome in small packages, and short stories are a great example of that. Short stories, although not as lengthy as other forms of literature, still create a huge impact in a limited amount of time. The goa l of most short stories is to convey a message or moral, but like any form of literature, some short stories are better than others. Out of all the short fictions read in the Grade 11 English curriculum, The Lottery by Shirley Jackson is by far the most important story read because of the theme, theRead MoreThe Ones Who Walk Away From Omelas Literary Analysis1697 Words   |  7 PagesIn the short stories â€Å"The Ones Who Walk Away From Omelas† by Ursula Le Guin and â€Å"A Modest Proposal† by Jonathan Swift, the authors use literary criticism so the reader can dissect the many different literary elements such as symbolism and vivid ironic imagery that help explain the parallel theme going on in both stories. To achieve a world with peace throughout and reach a state of utopia some moral and ethical decay will take place. Both stories have social issues that test the citizens moral andRead MoreThe Lottery, By Shirley Jackson And A Rose For Emily By William Faulkner960 Words   |  4 PagesUse of Symbolism in â€Å"The Lottery† by Shirley Jackson and â€Å"A Rose for Emily† by William Faulkner The use of symbolism is used in literature to enhance writing and add meaning to a story, this is evident in the two short stories â€Å"The Lottery† written by Shirley Jackson and â€Å"A Rose for Emily† written by William Faulkner. With the authors use of symbolism Jackson and Faulkner are able to add depth to their writing in a way that connects with the readers. By adding symbolism to the short stories the authorsRead MoreEssay about Comp and Lit Comparison of Blue+Yellow/Story of an Hour1296 Words   |  6 Pagesthe short story â€Å"the Story of an Hour† by Kate Chopin and the short story â€Å"blue + yellow† by Chris Killen compare in many ways. These two stories use the same literary device strongly such as imagery. Imagery is a literary device in which the author uses words and phrases to paint a picture in the readers head throughout the story. These two short stories are written with very descriptive language to help paint a picture of the o ccurrences in the story and describe a scene. These two stories alsoRead MoreThe Impacts of Symbolism in A Rose for Emily by William Faulkner728 Words   |  3 PagesRegardless of the length of a story, an author can make their writing more interesting by using symbolism. Using symbolism can help the author give detail, depth, and meaning to their work. By giving the reader a mental picture of an object or idea, it is easier for the reader to connect and comprehend what the author is trying to say. The use of symbolism can also hint the reader of something that will happen in the future. Faulkners use of symbolism in A Rose for Emily defines and gives a betterRead More Analysis of Hills Like White Elephants Essay1049 Words   |  5 Pages is a short story published in 1927 that takes place in a train station in Spain with a man and a woman discussing an operation. Most of the story is simply dialogue between the two characters, the American and Jig. This couple is at a critical p oint in their lives when they must decide whether or not to have an abortion. Certain themes arise from this story such as choices and consequences, doubt and ambiguity, and how men and women relate. Hemingway also uses many examples of symbolism in â€Å"HillsRead More`` Hills Like White Elephants `` By Ernest Hemingway899 Words   |  4 PagesIn his short story Hills like White Elephants, Ernest Hemingway uses symbolism and landscape subtly but effectively to emphasize the tension between the main characters. The reader is asked to extrapolate much of the information in an indirect fashion. The reader must look into the symbolism and imagery used alongside the words the characters share and don’t share. The natural landscape covers almost the entire story, offering vivid images that contain a large amount of interpretive insight intoRead MoreThemes Of Eleven By Sandra Cisneros And On Turning Ten997 Words   |  4 PagesComparing and Contrasting In the short stories Eleven by Sandra Cisneros and On Turning Ten by Billy Collins both authors use multiple literary devices to achieve the theme of aging. In Eleven Sandra Cisneros uses figurative language, symbolism and mood to create the theme of aging. While in On Turning Ten the author uses word choice, figurative language and mood. The two of these authors use these literary devices to add to the theme but in different ways. These short stories both compare and contrastRead MoreBarn Burning by William Faulkner1028 Words   |  5 Pagesfamous works being short stories. Two of his most popular short stories are â€Å"A rose for Emily† along with â€Å"Barn Burning†. Faulkner has many other popular works, but â€Å"Barn Burning† was one of his well-known stories because of the many different of elements of literature in which Faulkner chose to include. Faulkner was known as a writer who could properly convey many different elements of literature, such as sy mbolism, conflict, tone, and many other elements of plot within his stories. In â€Å"Barn Burning†

How to Throw a Party Without Getting Caught By Parents Free Essays

Then, he wonders how e will ever keep it a secret from his parents. His life will be over if his parents find out and he will be grounded until he Is married. Luckily for him, he Just has to follow numerous steps In order to not receive a miserable punishment from his parents. We will write a custom essay sample on How to Throw a Party Without Getting Caught By Parents? or any similar topic only for you Order Now He will conquer his high school dream of becoming a part of the popular crowd and earn respect from his peers all while acting Like the perfect child towards his mother and father. As he learned in high school English class, research must be done before writing a huge research paper. He must first see when his parents and siblings will be out of own for more than a couple of hours in order to throw the party. He should do this by tip-toeing down to the kitchen, looking at the family calendar, and finding a day where the house will be completely empty and useable. He absolutely cannot ask his parents directly when they will be gone or the entire plan Is ruined and suspicion will fill his parents’ heads. If his parents planned for a family vacation for the weekend, he can simply play sick and contract a viral disease that will inhibit him from going on the family trip. With this terrible Illness, the family will have to leave him at home while they go on to their vacation. After all, he Is a high school boy and can take care of himself. If the whole family decides to stay home and â€Å"take care† of their beloved son, then he must magically hop out of bed, claim to be well again, and go on the trip. There will be another available time slot to have a house party. Once he finds a time where the family is gone for the day or night, he can begin to plan the party. If the parents decide to ask their neighbor or grandparents to check in on him, he should avoid this by telling the â€Å"watcher† that he does not want to get them sick and will send periodic pictures of what he is doing throughout the night. He will of course cake pictures alone in a room doing homework, reading, or listening to music while the rest of the party Is In another room. He must first find a close group of friends that will evaluate the student population and figure out who to invite. These friends must be trustworthy and not have parents who are friendly with the host’s parents. If a parent of one of his friends calls the host’s mom, the entire plan could be ruined If the friend’s mom says her son was at a party at their house. Once a group is formed, speak of the party to anyone but his close group of friends until he is 100% certain of the time and day of the party. He should wait till the day of the party to invite people. This should be done through Backbone. He should create an invite on Backbone and make the invite private which means only people he invited can see it. If he tells his peers a week before the party, talk could go around school, get whispered to parents, and get told to his mom and dad. The planning behind the party is key. Once the day of the party comes, he must think about every possible situation that could occur and safe proof the house. He must remove any objects that are sentimental to his parents, things that are easily broken, and valuables of any kind in moms where the teenagers will be occupying. Before doing so, he should take a picture of each room so that he can put back all objects into the correct spot. If his parents noticed a picture or lamp was moved to the other side of the room, they may become suspicious and ask questions. He must lock doors to rooms he does not want anyone in such as the parents room or the father’s office. If a teenager were to get into these rooms while unlocked, things could be moved around or stolen without the host even noticing. If the parents came home and saw a disruption in their bedroom r office, he would be punished immediately due to suspicion. The fewer the rooms that teenagers are allowed to go in to, the easier clean up will be. If there is illegal activity going on at the party such as underage drinking, the bathroom can be a common living area for party goers. There should be an excessive amount of toilet paper, paper towels, plungers, trash bags, and air fresheners in the bathrooms. With these available necessities, hopefully his guests will have chances to clean up after themselves. In order to minimize visibility to neighbors, he should drape or tape blankets and towels over the windows. This way, neighbors will not see any suspicious activity and call up his parents.. If his parents are coming home at one in the afternoon the following day, he should set three alarms in order to wake up four hours before his parents arrive. Once he does all these things, the party can begin and guests can arrive, but with caution. To lessen suspicion amongst neighbors, all guests should carpool with as many people as possible and park a block away from the house or scatter their cars throughout the neighborhood. This way, there will not be a line of cars in front of the house that is supposedly vacant. Once the guests enter the house, he should pump up the music to an appropriate level and peruse the party making sure all guests are having a great time. After each guest enters the house, he must lock the door immediately after. This way no uninvited teenagers can come in the party. Also, if a guest leaves the door open without the host knowing, the neighbors might catch a glimpse of the activity going on in the house and call the parents. Once he does this, he can enjoy himself at the party. He should monitor the rooms people are allowed in and clean up food, cups, or any trash left behind. If he does this, the cleanup will be easier the next day and trash will not accumulate under sofas or tables. He should make sure guests are all feeling well and having a good time. While doing these steps, he will also be meeting numerous friends and becoming the most popular guy in Tree Hill High School. Once the host becomes tired, he should tell all guests to leave and travel home safely. Before he falls asleep, he should call his parents to and say goodnight. They will not be suspicious of their son’s activities. After he says his goodbyes, he should clean up as much as he can. The clean-up process cannot be put aside and done five minutes before the parents come home. If he misses a single alarm and does not have time to clean up, the house will not be in perfect condition and his mom and dad will know he threw a raging house party. That is why he set three alarms to ensure this does not happen. After all three alarms wake him up; he must start with loading trash bags with bottles, cans, cups, boxes, or any large trash items. Because he woke up so early, he can have enough time to take these trash bags to a public dumping site so that his parents do not wonder why there are numerous trash bags for one person. He must look outside the window and make sure his guests did not dump their trash on his rent lawn. Once this is done, he should then move on to general clean-up such as mopping, sweeping, and putting back all the objects he originally took away. He must grab his camera, look at the pre-party pictures and make sure all heirlooms, pictures, and valuables are in their precise starting position. He should then unlock all the original rooms he blocked off. The host should do a scan of the house and make sure there are no holes in the walls or stains on the floors. If so, he should have enough time to figure out a solution. If there is a hole in the wall, he can cover it up with mouthing such as a chair and then casually admit that he caused the hole at a later time in the week when playing football in the house by himself. After the clean-up is done, he should change into casual clothes, plop on the couch, pop in a movie, and pretend that he Just woke up and is having a relaxing day. Once his parents came home, they will suspect no party occurred in the house and see that they have the best son in the world. As long as he follows every necessary step, he will throw the biggest, most raging house party to ever occur in his small town without his parents ever finding out. How to cite How to Throw a Party Without Getting Caught By Parents?, Papers

World Hunger free essay sample

Have you ever thought about how much food the world wastes and how this increases world hunger? It has been proven that of all the food produced for human consumption, over one-third of it is lost during a year and over the 35% of that would feed all the people who lack food in the world (Gunders). The planet is experiencing times of great frustration with this. While the birthrate increases approximately one percent every year, the food just does not get to all the people (Gunders). World hunger is an ancient problem in the world, in which Asia and Africa have been experiencing increasing alarming rates of starvation that demands a solution. World hunger is not due to a lack of food, but rather a disproportionate population distribution and an inadequate mismanagement of supplies. The lack of food is more a myth than reality. The amount of grain produced in the world today could provide for each person on the planet to have the equivalent of two loaves of bread per day (Brown). We will write a custom essay sample on World Hunger or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Our current food production could feed seven billion people, plenty enough for the six billion people living on Earth (Gunders). However, it is evident by the number of deaths and suffering that exists in some continents, which hunger still persists. Over the years it has been demonstrated that the amount of food the world has lost or wasted has increased dramatically. About 1974 people on the US had the manners of saving food because the production in the world was not the efficient that it is today (Femmer). Today we live in a world where food production has increased in a way where developed countries have an excess of food and people develop the custom to throw food instead of sharing or saving it; as a result the food waste increased to 1400 calories per day from 900 on 1974, only in the US (Femmer). That means about 75 trillion calories are wasted in a year. Instead they could be used to feed over 145 million people (Green). This numbers have to change in order to do well on distribution. The majority of food produced in the world is in economically developed countries such as the US, which has an over production of supplies. Meanwhile countries with hunger problems do not have the advantages of equipment and a self-sustaining market to encourage farmers to increase their production. With this the major producers of food in the world have a monopoly of the food production, causing a disorder on the world? s food distribution. A good example of this is Ghana. Twenty years ago the government started to initiate a program to increase the production of coffee in the country and then export it. For a few years, everything went well, but by late 1980`s and 1990`s the global market started to focus almost all their attention in the South American coffee producers and more economically developed Colombia. As a result Ghana’s price of coffee plummeted and the industry collapsed and suffered a small economic crisis (Frayrich). As developed countries monopolize the food around the world, they start to over produce and start making money with exportations so rich countries grow even richer, with this the less economically developed countries are not able to compete on the food market and require to buy the food that they don’t have to the monopoly owners (Mcandles). With this appears another problem, transportation. Most countries that do not have the resources to self supply themselves with products have to import them, and the same happens with food. There are many causes for not having the well to produce, in which the lack of fertile land, the little technology and money are the most common ones (Lee). That is why importations occur, but the essential problem of it is the cost of transportation. Food as well as other products is exported, but due to transportation costs â€Å"hunger† countries cannot buy that food and the percentage of food wasted increases. As those countries that do not export their food, it exist an over production where the remainder food is obviously lost because the people cannot eat it all. This is provoking the distribution problem to grow even more, because as poor countries do not have the money to produce food, they have even less money to buy food that is overvalued from its original price due to the transportation and additional costs that the countries put. Solutions must appear to solve all this problems. This really needs to change. The way to solve the problem of distribution is to encourage national governments of developed countries to subsidize the purchase of food for less economically developed countries. In this way, the poor states are able to increase their food supplies, while the farmers are still able to gain competitive prices for their products. This means that the food prices will increase so local farmers would start to produce more. As the poor countries produce more, they can be more self-sufficient and import less. The food market in the entire world would start to regulate, and the people would start to get food in a more proportional way in all countries. Due to it, the hunger problems would decrease. There are over fifty two countries, of which thirty seven are in Africa, that owe a total of 376 billion dollars in debt (Vidal). The repayment for this huge amount of money takes up a very large portion of each countrys income, leaving them with little left to solve their hunger problems. The areas where chronic persistent hunger occurs need capital and resources to develop and implement schemes to help them solve their problems. Cancelling world debt would provide these countries with the ability to help themselves, such as being able to develop their economy in order to safeguard against future hunger problems, develop and import technologies to begin and increase the amount of output from their arable land or help fund imports of food from abroad, helping them to solve the redistribution problem. Some people started to make conscience about distribution in England (Murrey); they have been creating some alternative â€Å"life styles† on the past few years, in which the save of food is the most important value, making to spread the idea through the globe (Dowdey). This urban tribe is called Freegan and they are known for their embrace community, generosity, social concern, freedom, cooperation, and sharing in opposition to a society based on materialism, moral apathy, competition, conformity, and greed (Fred). They are conscience people about the topic of the world hunger, and they know that the best thing they can do to solve it is to do well on the distribution of aliments. That is why they take the food from garbage and use it as their meal, being known as â€Å"the people who live from the garbage of others† (Fred). With this effort they save food that could be used for people that are dying of hunger. Today starvation does not affect everybody, but it is proven that about eight children die each day due to malnutrition and over one hundred forty six million more children are suffer from it (Vidal). What would happen if you were the parent of one of these kids that die each day? People must realize that world hunger is a serious problem the world is facing due to its bad food distribution, and the people are the ones who must start demanding their governments for reforms and/or just start helping by saving food and sending it to the disadvantaged countries. The improvement and  development of the planet relies on the will of each person, and with effort everything is possible.

Jim Crow By Wright Essays - Anti-black Racism In The United States

Jim Crow By Wright Jim Crow is an autobiographical account of author Richard Wright's education in race relations in a totally segregated south. Wright talks about his experiences growing up in the south and the racism he encountered. He attempts to show us what being on the receiving end of racism is really like, and the lessons he learned from them. I believe that Wright's intended audience seems to be directed towards white people so that they may gain an understanding of the hardships blacks went through early in our nations history. Wright starts off by explaining where he grew up. The house he lived in was located behind the railroad tracks and his "skimpy yard was paved with cinder blocks" (600). To see green you had to look beyond the railroad tracks to the white's section of town. I felt that here the author seemed to know that there was a difference between the two, but at his young age he did not understand why the two were different. In the first part of the article Wright describes a fight that he gets into with some white boys and the punishment he receives from his mother for it. His mother tells him that he is "never, never, under any conditions, to fight white folks again" (601). She goes on to say that he should be thankful that the white kids didn't kill him. I think that in telling Wright this, his mother is teaching him that blacks are not as good as whites and that he should be thankful that they allow blacks to exist in the same world as the whites. Wright goes on describing different jobs he had and the dealings he had with his white bosses. In one section the author talks about watching his white boss drag and kick a black woman into the store where he worked. After a few minutes the woman comes out bloody and crying. The author explains what happened with some of his black co-workers. None of them are surprised by this and one adds that she was lucky to just have been beaten and not raped as well. I think the author here is showing that blacks in the early south were almost immune to this type of racism. It is so commonplace that the blacks hardly blink when it happens. Wright later talks about moving to a larger city and the interactions he had with the white people there. The author explains that the whites there were a little more accepting, and would actually hold conversations with the blacks. The author points out that caution must be used when talking with whites on subjects like the Ku Klux Klan, Abraham Lincoln, the civil war, and "any topic calling for positive knowledge or manly self-assertion on the part of the Negro" (610), should be avoided. Throughout this article Wright talks about learning his "Jim Crow lessons." Jim Crow refers to the name of a character in minstrelsy (in which white performers in blackface used African American stereotypes in their songs and dances); it is not known how it became a term describing racial segregation. The term Jim Crow's literal definition means"separate but still equal." I believe the author finds the part about being equal very ironic with his title and when he mentions his "Jim Crow lessons." The last part of the article describes how blacks felt about the way they had to live. A friend of the author summed it up by saying, "Lawd, man! Ef it wuzn't fer them polices ?n' them ol' lynch-mobs, there wouldn't be nothin' but uproar down here!" (610). With this, I believe, the author has come to the realization that when it comes to racism, the blacks in the south knew about it, received it frequently, and came to accept it and the atrocities that come with it.

Create a Perfect Study Environment Around Yourself 12 Tips

Create a Perfect Study Environment Around Yourself 12 Tips Create a Perfect Study Environment Around Yourself Student life is rather engaging and at times offers much fun. Being young and having lots of friends†¦ Is there anything else you need for happiness? A friendly student community and an exciting extracurricular environment may offer a high fun factor; however, many students experience difficulties when its time to get ready for exams or complete a major project. College and university studies require preparation to build up a well-rounded education. Self-motivation and the ability to organize your time and activities are to be considered first. Here are 12 tips to help students create a perfect studying environment! Choose a proper place for your studies Find a place which will suit your studies regarding all key factors: lightning, comfortable sitting and a table. Try to avoid using the same place for studying and napping (Cohn, 2013). The place where you study should help you concentrate, not fall asleep! Get equipped with everything you need Choosing a place and getting right to work is one thing, but its also essential to sort everything out around you, and make sure you have all the necessary tools and reference materials so there’s no need to search for things every single moment (Cohn, 2013). Keep your studying place clean Keep the place where you study tidy and clean it regularly. Wadded up papers and stained coffee cups are likely to bring disorder into your mind. A neatly ordered table and plenty of fresh air in your room can boost your mood and enhance your brain power! Reduce the number of distractions Stay away from noisy places. A few experts think that soft background music benefits your concentration and, at the same time, boosts your academic studies; but there is also evidence to suggest that hearing a familiar tune and humming along with it is more likely to distract you from your studies (Flavin, 2015). Use the library Go to the library and spend time studying there. Find and use books related to your topics. Being surrounded with a dozen books will give you a better insight into the subject matter of your studies, and the library itself will also serve as an inspiring environment for you. Include regular breaks into your studies Once you’ve organized your working environment and escaped all disturbances, you can immerse fully into your studies and let the whole world forget about you until the next holiday. No way! Dont forget about work/rest balance! Take regular breaks to recharge your batteries and get some inspiration (Cohn, 2013). Go out for a while and breathe some fresh air or have a snack. You’ll notice that these short pauses can make your studies more effective and stimulate your mental abilities! Leave your gadgets aside for a while Make a decision to avoid using your iPad and mobile phone while you study. You may think that you cant do without them a single minute, but in fact, its not true! Unplug your devices or turn the silent mode on. This will help you concentrate on the exam or project, instead of non-stop useless chatting. Moreover, being silent for some time will help you generate new ideas and get a better insight of the subject you’re dealing with (Flavin, 2015). Keep in mind your motivation Always remember the goals you want to achieve through studying (Cohn, 2013). Its important to understand why you need to get good education, so envision a major goal that you dream about and find something to represent this dream to yourself that you can hang on your wall or put on the cover of your notebook. Have a look at this image each time you start losing your enthusiasm. Remember, all your studying means something! Be persistent Dont get discouraged if some task seems rather challenging. Divide tough tasks into chunks to cope with them easily (Cohn, 2013). This way, if something seems too difficult today, it will get much easier tomorrow! Make the list of tasks for each day No matter how many issues you have to deal with, or how many pages you have to compose, its impossible to do everything in just one day (Cohn, 2013). Analyze the amount of work you have left to do and make a list of things to accomplish each day (e.g. to find the needed sources, to read\write 20 pages). At the end of the day, cross out all the items that you’ve completed. Using such approach will make your studies well-timed and better-organized, and you’ll avoid problems with due dates. Choosing time for studies – an early riser or a night owl? Studying both day and night before an exam or typing the day and night before handing in a term paper is pointless and exhausting. Choose a time when you are able to read a lot, analyze information, compose thesis, so that your scholarly work is the most effective (Flavin, 2015). It usually depends on your biological clock; so morning or evening hours for studies; you’re the one to choose. Make your studying environment suit you! Along with acquiring good knowledge and getting excellent academic results, its very important to enjoy your studies! Try to organize you study-place just the way you like it. Get a new comfortable chair for yourself, or put a nice plant on your table. To summarize everything above, let’s state simply that your study environment, if organized the right way, will boost your mood and raise your grades. 1. Flavin. 12 Tips to Create a Perfect Studying Environment for You. 18 May. 2015. http://rasmussen.edu/ 2. Cohn. 10 Tips to Create a Good Studying Environment. 22 Apr. 2013 http://examiner.com/

Hash libraries for C Programmers

Hash libraries for C Programmers This page lists a collection of libraries that will help you in programming in C. Libraries here are open source and used to help you store data, without having to roll your own linked list etc data structures. uthash Developed by Troy D. Hanson, any C structure can be stored in a hash table using uthash. Just include #include uthash.h then add a UT_hash_handle to the structure and choose one or more fields in your structure to act as the key. Then use HASH_ADD_INT, HASH_FIND_INT and macros to store, retrieve or delete items from the hash table. It uses int, string and binary keys. Judy Judy is a C library that implements a sparse dynamic array. Judy arrays are declared simply with a null pointer and consume  memory only when populated. They can grow to use all available memory if desired. Judys key benefits are scalability, high performance, and memory efficiency. It can be used for dynamically sized arrays, associative arrays or a simple-to-use interface that requires no rework for expansion or contraction and can replace many common data structures, such as arrays, sparse arrays, hash tables, B-trees, binary trees, linear lists, skiplists, other sort and search algorithms, and counting functions. SGLIB SGLIB is short for  Simple Generic Library and consists of a single header file sglib.h that provides generic implementation of most common algorithms for arrays, lists, sorted lists and red-black trees. The library is generic and it does not define its own data structures. Rather it acts on existing user-defined data structures via a generic interface. It also does not allocate or deallocate any memory and does not depend on any particular memory management. All algorithms are implemented in form of macros parametrized by the type of data structure and comparator function (or comparator macro). Several further generic parameters such as the name of next field for linked lists may be required for some algorithms and data structures.

Socrates Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Socrates - Essay Example Socrates was truly one of the few philosophers in history to make a significant attempt to question and fundamentally change the methods and paradigms of philosophical examination. Although most of our current knowledge of Socrates comes down to us from second-hand sources, the nature of Socrates’ life as a man and as a philosopher seem to shine as brightly for any one man in throughout the course of history (Nails). Socrates’ trial and death seemingly mark the birth of philosophy—with his influence stretching far beyond the boundaries of the tradition. Socrates, as the founder of a grand tradition, exemplifies a life to many which is paradigmatic for the contemplative rational being. It is to this grand figure that we now turn an explorative eye, in order to grasp the truth about the man and the philosopher. The question is whether one must know the man first to get to know the philosopher, or to know the philosopher first to get to know the man. The arguments for either approach are compelling: in one respect, Socrates was a human being completely devoted to a life of contemplation and a search for truth—thus making him fundamentally a philosopher. But, as Aristotle would say, the existence of a philosopher is predicated of the existence of man, for without there being a man, there would be no philosopher. Accordingly, we will follow the second approach: to broach the topic of Socratic philosophy from the backside—getting straight the facts of Socrates’ life, and then moving on to the facts which define his contributions to philosophy as a whole. According to Socrates, and fellow critics, the governance of Athens had become crooked and disgracefully inept—in stark contrast to the Age of Pericles only a few years before. â€Å"Philosophical† quarrels had become mere demagoguery: ploys to convince others; aspirations for political power slowly supplanted justice.

Strategy and Human Resource Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Strategy and Human Resource Management - Essay Example by the U.K’s larges retailer, Marks and Spencer, with an analysis of factors impacting these approaches and the way this organisation benefited from them. Through this illustration, various HRM practices such as best-practice and best-fit models, and management models such as high-commitment, high-involvement and high-performance work management models along with resource-based model have been comprehensively analyzed. According to Jackson and Schuler (1999; p.4), Human Resource Management (HRM) is a broad spectrum of organisational elements such as ‘specific human resource practices including recruitment, selection, and appraisals; formal human resource policies meant to control and/or promote development of specific practices in order to drive the desired organisational culture; and, overarching human resource philosophies, which specify the values that attracts, develops, motivates, and retains employees who ensure the effective functioning and survival of the organisation and its members.’ These three components of HRM are in turn impacted by internal contextual factors such as structure, size, organisational life cycle stage, and business strategy; and external factors such as legal, social, and political environments, unionization, labour market conditions, industry characteristics and national cultures (Jackson & Schuler, 1999). Strategic HRM refers to the integrative framework of HRM with strategy, encompassing several aspects of the organisation’s external and internal environments at national and international levels including multiple stakeholder perspectives. In addition, it demonstrates a myriad of outcomes associated with strategic HRM reflecting the purposes of various stakeholders. Hendry and Pettigrew (1986) explain that this strategic integration of HRM with strategy is accomplished through use of planning; use of rational approach to the design and management of personnel systems based on an employment policy and manpower strategy

Mcmaster Children’s Hospital Essay Example for Free

Mcmaster Children’s Hospital Essay â€Å"Mcmaster Children’s Hospital is a caring for our future, one child at a time. † It was distinguished as one of the hospitals who provided the best care for patients and is also awarded with Profiling Excellence in Family-Centered Care in 2008. Aside from receiving various awards and recognition for the quality of their services it is also one of the largest pediatric hospital in Canada and ranked second busiest in Ontario. It also has 40 pediatric clinics with diverse specialization which can treat illness of almost any kind. It is like a one stop shop wherein all that you need in child care treatment, child care specialists and medicines are all there. In addition, it has also specialization on child care disorder. Because of its size and specialization a number of clients and patients can be accommodated immediately once they approach the lobby area. Superior care can be given to children because of it advocates the â€Å"inherent worth of youth and children†. Another characteristic of Mcmaster that set it aside from other hospitals is that it does not surpassed the opinion of patients (the youth and the children) as well as their families in deciding for their welfare. Before deciding for a certain treatment and the like they consult first the concern people. As it is best for children it is also recommended for babies because of its newly installed intensive care units for neonatal. It best fits pregnant women for the superior caring of their unborn children because it can give thorough care to the pregnant women beginning from pre-natal stage to post-natal stage. As it advocates innovation, one may experience an extraordinary hospital treatment because of its innovative facilities. As it advocates quality service, a patients, clients, or visitors are surely to experience a comfortable stay in the hospital. The nurses and medical practitioners are all very accommodating and are very helpful in any way possible. For the families, the Mcmaster hospital is an absolute safe alternative haven for your children and relatives who happened to visit or to be confined in the hospital. All of the staff has proper identification and name tags, likewise, the patients, have identification bands. In case that someone needs assistance whether in rooms or bathrooms, call bells are available to inform nurses. As for the hospital’s organization, the structure is formal with moderate degree of bureaucracy. The decision making process is participative, with the patients, clients and residents as partner in decision making. Although, the Mcmaster organization is generally stable and the functions can be considered as highly effective and efficient there are also some improvement that can be done to the organization for superior achievement of goals and better-quality satisfaction of customers. First, the Mcmaster organization may opt to post more and detailed information on their websites regarding their facilities and services. The customers can generate more information and knowledge about their services if this can be done. Another change that can be implemented is the adaptation of modern medical record technology. Several years ago, technology adaptation in medical recording has hailed a tremendous welcome from medical practitioners and health care providers. The goal of this is to ensure a secure exchange of health matter information through out the national system. The basic assumption of the electronic medical record directive is to secure accessibility to patients’ health information, whenever and wherever needed. Improving the quality of service requires a change in the system that will also bring forth efficiency which is the very heart of the so called EMR. The modern way of recording can be more protective for patients’ information. It will serve as a tool in promoting a more secure environment. Even the staff is assigned to l00 patients; he/she will be able to enjoy a hassle free recording because of the automatic commands in computer that will speed up the process unlike the manual recording. The EMR will help decrease errors in medical recording. The medical attendants to patients’ time will be also increase because there is no longer need for checking on the time consuming paper records and correcting on the misreported patients information and diagnoses.

Jakob Boehme Essay -- German Religious Mystic Religion Biography Bio

Jakob Boehme Jakob Boehme (1575-1624) was a German religious mystic from the town of Goerlitz (Zgorzelec in Polish) in Silesia, on the Polish side of the Oder river just across from eastern Germany. A cobbler by profession, he was an autodidact much influenced by Paracelsus, the Kabbala, astrology, alchemy, and the Hermetic tradition (Peuckert, 1924 101; Merkel 302-310; Hvolbel 6-17). He experienced a seminal religious epiphany in 1600, when a ray of sunlight reflected in a pewter dish catapulted him into an ecstatic vision of the Godhead as penetrating all existence, including even the Abyss of Non-being. This and other mystical experiences caused Boehme to write a series of obscure but powerful religious treatises. According to him, negativity, finitude, and suffering are essential aspects of the Deity, for it is only through the participatory activity of his creatures that God achieves full self-consciousness of his own nature. Boehme's first treatise, entitled Aurora, or Die Morgenroete im Aufgang (1612), expressed his insights in an abstruse, oracular style. This work aroused profound interest among a small circle of followers, but it also provoked the heated opposition of the authorities. After being prosecuted by the local pastor of Goerlitz, Boehme had to promise on pain of imprisonment to cease writing. This judgment he obeyed for five years, until, unable to restrain himself any longer, he began writing again in secret for private circulation among friends. The publication of his Weg zu Christo (Way to Christ) in 1623 by one of these friends led to renewed persecutions. Banished from Goerlitz, Boehme lived for a time in Dresden and on the country estates of wealthy supporters. Finally, stricken by illness in 1624, ... ...ndon: Richardson, 1764. Passages from this English translation are cited above, following the corresponding German citations. The Way to Christ. A modern translation of Boehme's Weg zu Christo (1620). Trans. W. Zeller. New York: Paulist Press, 1978. Works about Boehme: Merkel, Ingrid. "Aurora; or, The Rising Sun of Allegory: Hermetic Imagery in the Work of Jakob Boehme." Hermeticism and the Renaissance: Intellectual History and the Occult in Early Modern Europe. Eds. I. Merkel and A. G. Debus. Washington: The Folger Shakespeare Library, 1988. 302-310. Peuckert, Will-Erich. Das Leben Jakob Boehmes. Jena: E. Dieterichs, 1924. Stoudt, John Joesph. Sunrise to Eternity: A Study in Jacob Boehme's Life and Thought. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1957. Hvolbel, R. H. "Was Jacob Boehme a Paracelsian?" Hermetic Journal 19 (Spring 1983): 6-17. Jakob Boehme Essay -- German Religious Mystic Religion Biography Bio Jakob Boehme Jakob Boehme (1575-1624) was a German religious mystic from the town of Goerlitz (Zgorzelec in Polish) in Silesia, on the Polish side of the Oder river just across from eastern Germany. A cobbler by profession, he was an autodidact much influenced by Paracelsus, the Kabbala, astrology, alchemy, and the Hermetic tradition (Peuckert, 1924 101; Merkel 302-310; Hvolbel 6-17). He experienced a seminal religious epiphany in 1600, when a ray of sunlight reflected in a pewter dish catapulted him into an ecstatic vision of the Godhead as penetrating all existence, including even the Abyss of Non-being. This and other mystical experiences caused Boehme to write a series of obscure but powerful religious treatises. According to him, negativity, finitude, and suffering are essential aspects of the Deity, for it is only through the participatory activity of his creatures that God achieves full self-consciousness of his own nature. Boehme's first treatise, entitled Aurora, or Die Morgenroete im Aufgang (1612), expressed his insights in an abstruse, oracular style. This work aroused profound interest among a small circle of followers, but it also provoked the heated opposition of the authorities. After being prosecuted by the local pastor of Goerlitz, Boehme had to promise on pain of imprisonment to cease writing. This judgment he obeyed for five years, until, unable to restrain himself any longer, he began writing again in secret for private circulation among friends. The publication of his Weg zu Christo (Way to Christ) in 1623 by one of these friends led to renewed persecutions. Banished from Goerlitz, Boehme lived for a time in Dresden and on the country estates of wealthy supporters. Finally, stricken by illness in 1624, ... ...ndon: Richardson, 1764. Passages from this English translation are cited above, following the corresponding German citations. The Way to Christ. A modern translation of Boehme's Weg zu Christo (1620). Trans. W. Zeller. New York: Paulist Press, 1978. Works about Boehme: Merkel, Ingrid. "Aurora; or, The Rising Sun of Allegory: Hermetic Imagery in the Work of Jakob Boehme." Hermeticism and the Renaissance: Intellectual History and the Occult in Early Modern Europe. Eds. I. Merkel and A. G. Debus. Washington: The Folger Shakespeare Library, 1988. 302-310. Peuckert, Will-Erich. Das Leben Jakob Boehmes. Jena: E. Dieterichs, 1924. Stoudt, John Joesph. Sunrise to Eternity: A Study in Jacob Boehme's Life and Thought. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1957. Hvolbel, R. H. "Was Jacob Boehme a Paracelsian?" Hermetic Journal 19 (Spring 1983): 6-17.

Early Christian Architecture Essay

Early Christian Architecture We have spoken of how one style of architecture develops from another, and we are now to look briefly at a form which is chiefly important as being a link in the chain of styles. There are not many important buildings of the Early Christian style. It came into being at a time when not much building was going on that is, during the early centuries of Christianity, and what good examples there are, are nearly all churches. During the first three centuries of the Christian era Christianity was under the ban of persecution, and there was not much chance for it to manifest itself in great architecture. But, early in the fourth century, Constantine became Emperor and was converted to Christianity. He made Christianity the State religion. Constantine founded three large basilicas in Rome, all of which have been buried or destroyed. The chief objects to be thought of in these churches was to build without too much cost, to do it quickly, and to accommodate large congregations. A great structural principle which they used in roofing, or spanning spaces, is the truss. This is a frame of beams, or of beams and rods, so disposed and fastened as to make a continuous support or bridge across an open space. The truss was used by the Romans in roofing their basilicas. CHIEF FEATURES As the great Romanesque style grew out of this early Christian architecture, let us look at the main features of the earlier and simpler style. Some of the most important of these features are preserved also in the Gothic church and we shall wish to see, as we very easily can see, how they grew out of this first early Christian style. The buildings of this style were simple in form, but of noble proportions, and, though very plain without, they were often gorgeous within. A notable circumstance about the early Christian work is the fact that its monuments were built largely from ruins and fragments quarried from earlier Roman work. No doubt much beauty was ruthlessly destroyed in this way. Before the Christian era Cato borrowed from the Greeks their hall of justice; the first one being erected in Rome about 190 years before Christ. These basilicas usually had a large hall connected with a portico, and encircling galleries often enclosed the whole. When Christianity became a State religion these buildings came to be used for religious purposes. The basilica always had a central aisle; and this nave or central portion was usually separated from the side aisles by rows of columns. At the further end of the nave was the sanctuary or apse, in front of which stood the altar. In front of the whole was usually an atrium or fore-court, surrounded by a covered arcade. The exterior was extremely plain, and the interior resplendent with marbles and mosaics. A wooden roof covered the edifice. Figure 29 is the ground plan of a basilica which will show us the general arrangement, although this basilica does not happen to be an old Roman example. Above the columns that surrounded the nave there usually arose another story called the clerestory (clear story), the walls of which were pierced with windows. This is a feature which persists through later styles, and it is interesting to see its simple and plain beginning. Some of the Egyptian temples had clerestories, but the European examples date back only to early Christian architecture.

MP3 Player Industry Analysis

Electronic gadgets are very much popular nowadays. Both teens and adults alike are caught up in this technology wave of the present and future. Almost everyone in the US and other first-world countries have mobile phones. Even little kids have one for practical reasons, according to some parents. Yet another electronic gadget that is as popular as a mobile phone is the MP3 player. Since everyone seems to like music a lot, this little electronic device easily captured the hearts of many people around the world. Apple was the company that had big risks yet big hopes in this market when it released its own version of MP3 player called the Apple iPod in 2001. Some were not convinced of Apple’s strategy entering this line of business as the industry was not quite promising that time (Guglielmo, 2001). But even with its price tag on the upper bracket, Apple reportedly has the highest share in the market at about 80% (Skee, 2006). But with the increasing number of competitors in the market offering much more affordable digital audio players, this huge amount of market share will most likely decrease in the years to come. As all knows, technology is something that does not really stagnate at all. MP3 players would not only remain as simple music playing device forever. With continuous engineering and innovation, a third of the MP3 players currently available in the market now have video playing capability. This means that users will not only be able to listen to their favorite music wherever they want, but watch some cool music videos as well. This made a huge impact in the sales of MP3 players since the feature was introduced. Wargo, director of Consumer Electronics Association, (as cited in Slocombe, 2006) stated that, â€Å"MP3 technology helped boost the audio and accessories markets in 2005. With the introduction of video playback capability, MP3 player sales surged 200 percent in 2005 to $3 billion.[†¦]† The figures concerning this industry are really huge considering that this only talks about the US consumers alone. At present, MP3 players still do not lose their charm. Just for the past holiday season, MP3 players topped the survey of 1,000 US adults for their most wanted gift (Ogg, 2006). The device had outdone other popular consumer electronic devices such as digital cameras and portable DVD players. According to CEA (2007), â€Å"MP3 players continue to drive the audio market. [†¦] Thirty-four million MP3 players shipped in 2006 and an additional 41 million are expected to ship in 2007.† The toughest competitor of Apple iPod now is Microsoft’s own Zune which was just introduced in the market late 2006, just in time for the holidays. The two products have been compared by a lot of analysts. Most of the reviews and comparison reports made still think that Apple will be the leading brand in this industry for the next years to come. However, Apple is still in stand by because Microsoft is still Microsoft. Although there are not enough information yet as to how many people already own the new Microsoft Zune nor their current market share, it is well-known that the brand Microsoft itself owns about 90% of the market when it comes to operating systems which is about 300 million people. On the other hand, there are about 30 million people who have an iPod, which is about 70% of the MP3 player industry. (Elgan, 2006) In a nutshell, the MP3 player industry is still a promising and flourishing industry and will continue to increase sales in the coming years. With all the different companies trying to compete and outdo the market starter, Apple iPod still is the leading player in the market since its introduction despite the quite expensive price tag it has. References Elgan, M. (2006). Opinion: Why Microsoft’s Zune Scares Apple to the Core. Retrieved February 22, 2007 from http://www.computerworld.com/action/article.do?command=viewArticleBasic&articleId=9003718&pageNumber=1 Guglielmo, C. (2001). Apple Has Big Hopes for iPod. Retrieved February 22, 2007 from http://www.eweek.com/article2/0,1759,1242682,00.asp Ogg, E. (2006). MP3 Players Top Holiday Wish Lists, CEA Survey Finds. Retrieved February 22, 2007 from http://news.com.com/MP3+players+top+holiday+wish+lists,+CEA+survey+finds/2100-1041_3-6126358.html Skee, G. (2006). US MP3 Player Sales Will Reach $4.5 Billion in 2006. Retrieved February 22, 2007 from http://www.anythingbutipod.com/archives/2006/01/us-mp3-player-sales-will-reach-45-billion-in-2006.php Slocombe, M. (2006). CES 2006 Starts: MP3 Player Sales to Soar 200%. Retrieved February 22, 2007 from http://digital-lifestyles.info/2006/01/05/ces-2006-starts-mp3-player-sales-to-soar-200/

Space Exploration essays

Space Exploration essays If the nation is serious about the manned exploration and development of space, then more attention must be focused now on research to study how weightlessness and reduced gravity would affect everything from power production to plumbing. The research is critical for the development of space-related technologies. There are certain scientific and engineering problems of a fundamental nature that need to be addressed before these technologies can be developed. This research should be done now because it will take years to develop the needed technologies. This will likely slow the United States progress in space exploration. For example, seemingly mundane components such as piping, valves and bearings will have to be adapted to the altered structural forces and loads in reduced- and variable-gravity environments. Technologies will be needed to manufacture and repair failed parts in the microgravity of space and in the low gravity of other planets, moons and asteroids. Workers will have to build structures and operate mining and processing facilities. Many technologies will be needed for the very survival of humans in space. If an electrical fire starts, how do you extinguish it? It may not be possible to spray it with a fire extinguisher because it may affect the environment in which the astronauts are living and breathing. The particles, very fine droplets, behave differently in gravitational environments than they do in space. ...

Animal Farm by George Orwell Essay Animal Farm Essays

Animalism in many ways does symbolize Communism. Animalism for the animals would be a perfect land, no rich, no poor, and everyone is equal. They all would own the same amount of the farm. No animal would be above any other animal. As in a communistic society, they would all work the same and receive the same. The government would own everything and they people would own the government. In both Animalism and Communism, their goal was a society in which the workers, not the capitalists, owned all the means of production. To reach this ideal situation, a transition period was needed, during which the government controlled the economy. The government guaranteed hospitalization, education, housing, and pension plans, as well as jobs. In Animal Farm, the animals did receive some of those features while Snowball was with them. The people, as well as animals, in turn, gave up every indication of freedom. Thus, everyone would share equally in the benefits of production, and everyone would ha ve an equal share in the goods that were produced. The government (pigs), regardless of demand, determined supply. Everyone was forced to work...

Death with Dignity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Death with Dignity - Essay Example Her decision faced immense opposition from different sects of the society. Indeed, despite its aim to alleviate patient suffering, doctor assisted suicide goes against moral and ethical principles and should therefore not be allowed. Oregon was the first to implement the Death with Dignity Act in 1997. It allows terminally ill patients who are of competent mental mindset and aged over 18 to obtain lethal medication to end their lives (Yuill 61). Such patients would be required to make a written request and two oral ones in a span of 15 days. The prescribing physician should concur with the prognosis or diagnosis that supports death with dignity, and in consultation with another physician agree to offer assisted suicide. Over time, more states have embraced this legislation as a way out for patients with lingering and intolerable pain. Just a few countries in Europe have legalized death with dignity, notably, the Netherlands, Luxembourg, Switzerland and Belgium (Zakaria). Some other parts of the world, including the Ancient Greece and Rome, have been practicing doctor assisted suicide for generations (Loomis 146). However, the issue continues to elicit heated debate from different quarters on its morality and eth icality. Allowing for physician assisted suicide would lead to an inclusion of more people into the eligible groups. According to Yuill, allowing for assisted suicide would mount pressure upon people feeling that they have become a burden to their families and even healthcare providers to include more categories of people in the death with dignity category (32). This could go forth and even become euthanasia or further to involuntary euthanasia. Thus, allowing for death with dignity presents grounds for abuse of the practice, specifically when driven by greed as opposed to love. Those who should inherit from the patient could encourage premature death of

Compare and Contrast each of the diseases Essay

Compare and Contrast each of the diseases - Essay Example Both Parkinson’s (PD) and Alzheimer’s (AD) diseases are common neurodegenerative disorders (Beal, 2005). While the prevalence of AD increases with age, there is not much increase in case of PD. AD has a prevalence of about 1% among those between 65 to 69 years of age (Hy & Keller, 2000) while PD has a prevalence of 0.5 to 1% in this age group (Nussbaum & Ellis, 2003). However, the prevalence of AD is 40 to 50% among those 95 years of age and over (Hy & Keller, 2000) and that of PD is only 3% in those 80 years of age and older (Nussbaum & Ellis, 2003). Both these conditions result due to loss of neurons in parts of brain. AD particularly affects neurons in the cortex and the hippocampus (Mc Khann, Drachman, Folstein, Katzman, Price & Stadlan, 2003) while PD affects neurons in the substantia nigra (Nussbaum & Ellis, 2003). AD presents mainly with progressive impairment in memory. There is impairment of judgement, decision making, concentration, orientation and language. T he patient can present with agitation, psychosis, depression, apathy, disinhibition, anxiety, delusions, purposeless behavior, and disorders of sleep and appetite (Cummings & Back, 1998). Of all these, agitation is the most common symptom and psychosis is seen in 30-60% of the patients. The most common behavioural changes are personality alterations (Cumming & Back, 1998). The destruction of cholinergic neurons in the basal forebrain and the resulting deficit in central cholinergic transmission is the cause for characteristic cognitive and non-cognitive symptoms in AD (Cummings & Back, 1998). Another theory as far as the cause of symptoms in AD is concerned is Glutamate excitotoxicity. Excessive activation of NMDA receptors by glutamate is said to cause neuronal death in Alzheimers disease due to increases in intracellular Ca2+ (Bleich, Romer, Wiltfang & Kornhuber, 2003). PD

An analysis of Vitamins a short story by Raymond Carver Essay

An analysis of Vitamins a short story by Raymond Carver - Essay Example Patti attests to it herself on claiming that in early years of her youth, it is something she would not figure herself doing or one that occurs to be a last resort. While it generally sounds to be freaking a hell out of the female characters in Patti, Sheila, and Donna, the storyteller being the only guy among them exhibits the opposite or passive role in relation to the three. His function appears to serve a neutralizing effect in the middle where similarities reflect across the intertwined lives of the three women who have spanned control of themselves beyond his weak influence at providing comfort. As an irony in the theme, the vitamins sold by Patti, Sheila, Donna, and the hospital where he works are altogether symbolic of a prevention or cure to sickness however, as these characters remain attached to their conventional situation, the routine with vitamins and hospital augments the conflict and no resolution is found in the absence of external intervention or consideration of po ssible alternatives that would shift the level of personal undertaking for each. (2) Do the main characters' personalities, behavior and goals change during the story? If so, how? Significant change is not evident in the outlook and the way by which the narrator manages getting confronted by the challenges set by Patti. He briefly states in the beginning that Patti was first unemployed and by deciding to reverse this fate and give herself respect on working to sell vitamins makes positive hint or direction at progress from the initial condition as Patti even reaches the point of having people put under her supervision. This status, nevertheless, becomes unfulfilled since the state of economy and consumerism turns out not in favor of supplement acquisition, implying that in reality there exists a number of concerns far more worthy of savings and investment than vitamins are. In the manner R. Carver channels the thoughts and observations of the narrating main character, a reader can f eel a degree of needing to promote an element of transformation in his life as well as how this might impact that of Patti’s. As the story proceeds to gather the cast in a Christmas party to somewhat alleviate and enliven the dull, sickening mood with the bad economic trend of vitamin business, Sheila triggers rivalry with the male narrator yet escapes to make way for Donna in weaving new circumstances for Patti’s lover. A sense of seduction through Donna’s character takes the storyteller to an attempt at infidelity, leaving his fed-up partner to yield to a momentary space and grasp beyond the world with Patti in a newer dimension at Off-Broadway with Donna. Somehow, he develops another perspective in an appreciation of Khaki who seems to love his work as a bouncer, as opposed to Patti. Clearly, this event suggests that he is up for a change or for something to challenge his way out of the lifeless endeavor and depressed mode of living. At the instant Nelson com es over with Benny to lure Donna with money and gradually snatch here away from him, he allows a couple of moments to pass as if no real peril lurks. Here,

Masculinity in Great Expectations

Masculinity in Great Expectations Late Victorian Masculinities are bound up with discourses of evolution and aesthetics. Analyse this statement in relation to Charles Dickens Great expectations and Oscar Wildes The Picture ofDorian Gray This essay will try to assess the validity of the abovestatement using the texts stated, and also referring to existing criticism onthe subject. In answering the question, I shall break the statement into twosections. Firstly, I will discuss masculinity in Great Expectations inrelation to evolution, looking at Pips transition from humble beginnings to amore flamboyant existence, and how this fits in with Darwins theory ofevolution. As well as this, I will look at how masculinity is represented insome of the other characters, and lastly to what extent Pips life story cantruly be said to be an evolution. Next, I will discuss masculinityin The Picture of Dorian Gray in relation to aesthetics. This part ofthe essay will focus on how the portrayals of masculinity in the novel fit inwith the idea of Art for arts sake, promoted by followers of the aestheticmovement. In particular I will examine the identity of the eponymous hero, whoembodies much of the aesthetic ideal. There will also be a consideration of theunderlying theme of homosexuality and how some criticism has suggested that theaesthetes used such themes in order to illustrate their own ideas aboutidentity and masculinity. I will then consider to what extent aesthetics arepart of the representation of masculinity in the novel. Masculinity in Great Expectations doescertainly intertwine with the idea of evolution. Pip is in many ways thearchetypal bildungsroman, progressing from a simple domestic life in ruralKent, to London and fortune (although his ending does represent a variation onthis concept). His masculinity is developed along the way. In earlier chapters,he is governed largely by fear, as in the readers first encounter with Mrs.Joe, in which he is informed that he is in trouble. At this dismal intelligence,Ilooked disconsolately at the fire. Tickler was a wax-ended piece of cane. Contrast this with his behaviour later on in the book, after he has begun to make his way in the world Being on one occasion threatened with legal proceedingsI went so far as to seize the Avenger by his blue collar and shake him off his feet. By comparisons such as this, we can observe a correlation between the kind of personal evolution, common to the Victorian novel, undergone by Pip, and an increase in perceived masculine traits, such as dominance and physical aggression. However, underneath this, there is perhaps amore scientific form of evolution under discussion. No novel exists in avacuum, and being published in 1861, Great Expectations Darwinsgroundbreaking Origin of Species by only two years. Darwin mentions theStruggle for Existence, in which all life strives to be successful,identifies some key factors in this success. I should premise that I use theterm struggle for existence in a large and metaphorical sense, includingdependence of one being on another, and including, which is more important, notonly the life of the individual but the success in leaving progeny. Pips struggle is clearly dependent on others, for example Magwitch, his benefactor, and it is ultimately Joe who helps him in his time of need. Interestingly, however, he does not have an heir. Indeed, in the original ending, Pip notes in an unmistakably gloomy tone Estellas reaction to Little Pip, She supposed the child, I think, to be my child. In this sense, Pips evolution can be seen to be incomplete. But what does this mean with regard to masculinity? It is interesting to note that masculinity in GreatExpectations is not limited to the male characters. One example of this isMrs. Joe, who, as one critic notes, wore the pants in the household, while Joeserves as an effete and effeminate child like figure.Since Joessimple character evolves less than Pip, this might be seen as fitting in withDarwin, but, as has already been mentioned, Joe achieves the ultimate inevolution leaving progeny while Pip does not. Similarly, Mrs Havisham isgiven a somewhat masculine-tinted description her voice had dropped, so thatshe spoke low, and yet she is arguably the most static characterin the book, being unable to move beyond the trauma of her past. In the lightof this, it seems doubtful that Dickens intended a purely evolutionary picture. Although there is a link in the novel between masculinity and evolution, the two do not go entirely hand in hand. Dickens uses the bildungsroman model, but Pips development is one of acceptance of his role in life rather than the outright triumph evolutionary theory suggests. However, I do not believe that Dickens set out to critique Darwin either. The novels discussion of masculinity sometimes coincides with evolution, and sometimes does not. I think it would be fair to say that Dickens was influenced by the effect of evolution on masculinity, but his characters successes and failures do not fit in with any definite theory. In The Picture of Dorian Gray,masculinity is linked less to evolution and more to aesthetics. This is largelya result of Wildes adherence to the principles of the aesthetic movement,particularly that of Art for Arts sake. This consists of the idea, outlinedin the novels preface, that Art is an entity in itself and that its ownbeauty, and not its meaning or purpose, is what gives it the right to exist -All art is quite useless.This idea permeates the main character,Dorian Gray, in lots of ways, not least in the identity of his masculinity.This can be seen in Lord Henrys description of him in the first chapter -this young Adonis, who looks as if he was made out of ivory and rose leaves.Whyhe is a Narcissus.With its classical references and focus onphysical attributes rather than personality characteristics, this represents aquite different masculine ideal from that which the evolutionists favoured.Masculinity here is perhaps closer to the Platonic ideal, and there is noparticular empha sis on such traits as physical strength and courage, eitherphysical or moral, with which the bildungsroman might be associated. Moreover, some of the most fundamental aspectsof masculinity are challenged. Wilde was, of course, a homosexual, and thistheme is implicitly covered in The Picture of Dorian Gray. For instance,although all of the main characters have heterosexual relationships, such asDorians love for Sybil Vane, there is a suggestion of homosexuality as well.The men are certainly homosocial, and there are implications in therelationship between Lord Henry and Dorian. The former talks very dotingly tohis protÃÆ'Â ©gÃÆ'Â ©, right up to the end of the book, My dear boy, You are much toodelightful, and so forth, and perhaps more significantly, it isDorians good looks that first attract him. This affects the way masculinity isdealt with in the novel in the respect that it removes the element of trying towin the female love interest that we see in Great Expectations. DespiteDorians brief fixation with Sybil, women seem largely incidental to the livesof the principal male characters. This is arguably b ecause they are onlyrequired when they are of aesthetic value, not for their emotional input.Dorian does not ultimately let Sybils suicide interfere with thepseudo-homosexual, and more aesthetic, relationship he has with Lord Henry. Critics have suggested that thisis part of a movement in society in which Wilde and others brought forwardidentity politics, the concept that individuals can view themselves in thelight of their deviations from the norms of society, often enjoying aspects ofthemselves that some might consider abnormal or even immoral. As Audrey Jaffenotes, the contrast between beautiful and ugly images of Dorian Grayreproduces the aesthetics of contemporary identity politics, in which identitytakes shape as the difference between negative and positive culturalprojections.This is perhaps the biggest contrast with GreatExpectations. Whereas Pips manhood is seen as complete when he has learned to accept his place in the world, Dorians masculinity is defined by his unwillingness to conform. It is his aesthetic makeup that makes him a man. The implied homosexuality is part of that, since it involves breaking the taboos of society. According to Jaffe, we may catch the early strains of an identity politics whose anthem will eventually become loud enough to make itself heard even on St Patricks Day.In this respect, aesthetics are central to the novels portrayal of masculinity, although characters like James Vane do represent a more traditional viewpoint, showing such traits as confrontation, family loyalty and defence of ones honour. In conclusion, the representationof masculinity in Great Expectations does nod to a discourse onevolution. Dickens uses the bildungsroman model, and there is a genuine senseof progression, and with it, the rise of masculinity. In some respects,Darwinian theory is supported, as in Pips dependence on others in thestruggle for existence. However, his failure to sire offspring and hissomewhat humbled ending conflict with theories of evolution. As well as this,there is the consideration that masculine characteristics are often given tocharacters that do not evolve, such as Miss Havisham, while the hen-pecked Joeachieves the ultimate evolutionary success in reproducing. This would seem tolead to the conclusion that Dickens was aware of evolution, and to some extentinfluenced by it, but did not use it as the sole basis for portrayingmasculinity. By contrast, The Picture ofDorian Gray shows a direct link to the principles of the aestheticmovement. With his looks and his sensual approach to life, Dorian embodies muchof the movements ethos, and his masculinity is defined in terms of his charmand visual appeal. The undercurrent of homosexuality in the book reinforcesthis. By failing to conform to the ideals of Victorian society, Dorian isrepresentative of a form of masculinity that relates to identity politics.Rather than taking the moralistic route to manhood, he celebrates the beauty ofhis deviance. In this respect, his masculinity is entirely aesthetic, as it isdefined by his individual beauty, and the contrast between positive andnegative views of him. However, Wild does portray other, more traditional formsof masculinity, albeit marginally, in the character of James Vane. Evolution and aesthetics,therefore, do play a major part in late Victorian masculinity. Thebildungsroman is an evolutionary figure, while aesthetic portrayals of men werebeginning to come to the fore in this period. However, it is important toremember that these ideas do not govern masculinity entirely, mainly becausewriters are artists and not merely theorists. Although Wilde does adhere to aprincipal more closely than Dickens, both authors show a willingness to breakaway from theory when it is necessary for artistic purposes. References Charles Dickens, Great Expectations, Wordsworth, 2003, (Ch. 2, pg. 7) Charles Dickens, Great Expectations, Wordsworth, 2003, (Ch. 34, pg. 223) Charles Darwin, Origin of Species, 1859, (Ch 3 The Struggle for Existence) Charles Dickens, Great Expectations, Wordsworth, 2003, (original ending) Wayne Huang, Problems of autobiography and fictional biography in Great Expectations, www.victorianweb.org/authors/dickens/ge/huangcd.html (1997) Charles Dickens, Great Expectations, Wordsworth, 2003, (Ch. 8, pg. 50) Oscar Wilde, The Picture of Dorian Gray, The Complete Illustrated Works of Oscar Wilde, Chancellor Press, 1991, (Preface, pg. 4) Oscar Wilde, The Picture of Dorian Gray, The Complete Illustrated Works of Oscar Wilde, Chancellor Press, 1991, (Ch. 1,pg 5) Oscar Wilde, The Picture of Dorian Gray, The Complete Illustrated Works of Oscar Wilde, Chancellor Press, 1991, (Ch. 19, pg. 147) Audrey Jaffe, The Aesthetics of Cultural Identity: Embodying Culture, www.victorianweb.org/authors/wilde/jaffe2.html (No date) Audrey Jaffe, Sympathy and the Embodiment of Culture in Wildes Portrait of Dorian Gray, Cornell University Press, 2000 (pg. 167)

The True Heroes in Hemingways The Sun Also Rises Essay -- Hemingway

The True Heroes in Hemingway's The Sun Also Rises   Ã‚   The imagery of bulls and steers pervades Hemmingway's novel, The Sun Also Rises. Bullfighting is a major plot concern and is very important to the characters. The narrator physically resembles a steer due to the nature of his injury. Mike identifies Cohn as a steer in conversation because of his inability to control Brett sexually. Brett falls for a bullfighter, who is a symbol of virility and passion. However, there is a deeper level to the bull-steer dichotomy than their respective sexual traits. The imagery associated with bulls and steers is more illustrative than their possession or lack of testicles. In their roles and in the images associated with them, bulls are glorious, exciting and dangerous. Steers are humble, impotent and safe. Hemmingway's treatment of these associations favors an ethic of weakness prevailing over strength. Despite the seeming advantages to being a bull and the explicit statements in their favor, steers are the true heroes in Hemmingway's novel .   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The imagery associated with bulls and steers is confusing, since it is clearly supportive of bulls over steers. Bulls are associated with passion. Those who identify with bulls through their enthusiasm for bullfighting are called "aficionado" from the Spanish word for passion (131). Those who lack aficion are valueless while a true aficionado is a "buen hombre" (132). The bulls are "beautiful," muscular, aggressive and "dangerous" (139, 141). Because of their physical prowess and their sexual potency, bulls are capable of ascending to the heights of glory. They arouse passions in the crowds who gather to watch them run and fight. In sharp contrast, the steers are weak and emasculate. ... ...dencies. Without the bulls, the steers would stagnate. Without the steers, the bulls would self-destruct. The novel is a story about passion and how it must be pacified by the pedantic voice of normalcy. The way of the steer rescues the way of the bull from its conclusion in self-annihilation. In turn, the aficion of the bulls gives meaning and purpose to the life of the steer.    Works Cited and Consulted: Bloom, Harold. Ernest Hemingway. New York: Chelsea House Publishers, 1985. Hemingway, Ernest. The Sun Also Rises. New York: Simon and Schuster Inc., 1993. Kerouac, Jack. On The Road. New York: Penguin Books Ltd., 1976. Svoboda, Frederic J. Hemingway and The Sun Also Rises: The Crafting of a Style. Kansas: The University Press of Kansas, 1983. Young, Philip. "Ernest Hemingway." Encyclopedia International. v. 8, p.388-389. 1982 ed.

How easy is it for Jews to keep their covenant with God in the Modern world? Essay

Jews are people who follow the religion of Judaism. Traditionally Jews trace their beginnings to Abraham (about 18 centuries BCE). In their daily prayers, Jewish people call to mind the patriarchs (fathers) of their faith. One of the most important events in the Jewish history, known as the exodus-took place under the leadership of Moses. Jews celebrate this each year in the Passover festival (Pesach). After their escape, the Jews wandered the desert for 40 years, before they reached ‘the promised land’ of Israel. It was in the desert that they received the Torah through Moses. The Covenant with God is Jews agreeing to do what He wants, and He will give in return. The 10 commandments is an example of this. It is the summary that God gave Jews to follow. History says that they were written on stones that Moses brought down from mount Sinai, according to the Torah. There are two accounts of the ten sayings. The Ten Commandments describe people’s duty towards God and each other. Moses also received the ‘Torah’, a holy book, on mount Sinai on his journey from Egypt to ‘the promised land’. This trip was one of the most important events in Jewish history, when they escaped from slavery, leaded by Moses. Jews celebrate this every year as the ‘Passover festive’. Food is very important in their daily lives. Jews have all sorts of foods to celebrate different festivals and different times of the year. In addition, all food Jews eat has to be Kosher. This means that certain laws govern the buying, preparation and eating of food. They cannot eat milk and meat products together. Here are some examples of kosher laws: * Animals must have cloven hooves and chew the cud. * Poultry may be eaten but not birds of pray. * Fish must have fins and scales and a backbone. Shabbat is another important festival, involving food. They have special breads, meats and wines. A prayer has to be made before the lighting of the candles and the start of Shabbat. The woman of the house normally performs this. Shabbat is the time between Friday sunset and Saturday sunset. It’s a family day on the Sabbath. You cannot do any work when Shabbat starts of before it ends. It is supposed to a stress free day with your family. Jews like to consider themselves a big family. They like to get together and have meals and it’s a big part of their faith. They claim that without their families, Judaism wouldn’t have survived. Through their children they pass on beliefs, knowledge and routine. Mothers teach about recipes and generally the children are brought up to be Jewish. To show that they are Jewish, they have a Bar Mitzvah when they become of proper age. A boy is considered as mature at 13 and a girl at 12. Therefore its when the ceremony is taken place. You can also recognize strict male Jews by their large sideburns and, all strict Jews, their black clothing. You can convert to be Jewish by spending time in a synagogue with a Rabbi, learning about the Jewish faith. Then you have to present yourself in front of a panel of Rabbis. The influences of the holocaust, or ‘Shoah’, are still shown a great deal today, There are still some people in the world that believe what Hitler believed in and fort for was right. Some people in the Jewish community are still not very fond of making a huge deal about their religion as it may start up buried hates and start new feuds. As the world changes, it also changes into something much harsher for religious communities. As there are so many different beliefs and stories about God there are obvious opportunities for arguments to be made. The state of Israel is poor. The richer countries like the United Kingdom and America, have been trying to put right the fighting between the Palestinians and the Jews, which is mainly over religion and land. As Israel is considered the holy land, to me it seems its is ridiculous to fight in such a holy place. I think it is quite hard for Jewish people to keep their covenant with God in the modern world because there are so many rules within their religion. There are many Jews now do not keep to all the rules around the Jewish faith and just do as much as they can in the modern world.

Electra Products Case Analysis

Chapter 1 – case for critical analysis Question 1: How might top management have done a better job changing Electra Products into a learning organisation? What might they do now to get the empowerment process back on track? Answer: * Harry might talk with the employees. He has very much experience because he worked for 20 years in this company. He knows a lot of behaviours in the company, the good and the bad ones. Harry is able to understand the situation and the problems from the staff more than a newcomer.Furthermore he can motivate the others in a different, better way because he is in the same situation and they maybe look up to him. * The top management should support the teams with individual trainings for each department. So they can improve their skills to achieve better results in their work area. In addition they get new motivation and they approach their assignments more confident. Possible trainings could be: * Communication skills * Dealing with customers * Teamw ork * The company can make individual meetings with the employees to talk about their problems.In this case the labour has the chance to mention their own opinions and ideas. * An additional proposal to get the empowerment process back on track is to conduct surveys. So they get valuable information from outsider about the popularity of their products. In this way they can go into to the customer’s desires and get new ideas for possible innovations. Surveys are also an excellent opportunity to learn more about the competitors and their products. * To spur the employees they might give salary increases. This avoids that many of the disappointed employees are looking for another job as well.

Battle of Quebec in the American Revolution

Battle of Quebec in the American Revolution The Battle of Quebec was fought on the night of December 30/31, 1775 during the American Revolution (1775-1783). Beginning in September 1775, the invasion of Canada was the first major offensive operation conducted by American forces during the war. Initially led by Major General Philip Schuyler, the invading force  departed Fort Ticonderoga and commenced an advance down (northward) the Richelieu River toward Fort St. Jean. Initial attempts to reach the fort proved abortive and an increasingly ill Schuyler was compelled to turn over command to Brigadier General Richard Montgomery. A distinguished veteran of the French and Indian War, Montgomery resumed the advance on September 16 with 1,700 militia. Arriving at Fort St. Jean three days later, he laid siege and forced the garrison to surrender on November 3. Though a victory, the length of the siege badly delayed the American invasion effort and saw many suffer from sickness. Pressing on, the Americans occupied Montreal without a fight on November 28. Armies Commanders: Americans Brigadier General Richard MontgomeryColonel Benedict ArnoldColonel James Livingston900 men British Governor Sir Guy Carleton1,800 men Arnolds Expedition To the east, a second American expedition fought its way north through the Maine wilderness. Organized by Colonel Benedict Arnold, this force of 1,100 men had been picked from the ranks of General George Washingtons Continental Army outside Boston. Proceeding from Massachusetts to the mouth of the Kennebec River, Arnold had expected the trek north through Maine to take around twenty days. This estimate was based on a rough map of the route developed by Captain  John Montresor in 1760/61. Moving north, the expedition soon suffered due to the poor construction of their boats and the faulty nature of Montresors maps. Lacking adequate supplies, starvation set in and the men were reduced to eating shoe leather and candle wax. Of the original force, only 600 eventually reached the St. Lawrence. Nearing Quebec, it quickly became clear that Arnold lacked the men needed to take the city and that the British were aware of their approach. British Preparations Withdrawing to Pointe aux Trembles, Arnold was forced to wait for reinforcements and artillery. On December 2, Montgomery descended the river with around 700 men and united with Arnold.   Along with reinforcements, Montgomery brought four cannon, six mortars, additional ammunition, and winter clothing for Arnolds men. Returning to the vicinity of Quebec, the combined American force laid siege to the city on December 6. At this time, Montgomery issued the first of several surrender demands to the Governor-General of Canada, Sir Guy Carleton.   These were dismissed out of hand by Carleton who instead looked to improve the citys defenses. Outside of the city, Montgomery endeavored to construct batteries, the largest of which was completed on December 10. Due to the frozen ground, it was constructed from blocks of snow. Though a bombardment commenced, it did little damage. As days passed, Montgomery and Arnolds situation became increasingly desperate as they lacked the heavy artillery to conduct a traditional siege, their mens enlistments would soon be expiring, and British reinforcements likely would arrive in the spring. Seeing little alternative, the two began planning an attack on the city. They hoped that if they advanced during a snowstorm, they would be able to scale Quebecs walls undetected. Within its walls, Carleton possessed a garrison of 1,800 regulars and militia. Aware of American activities in the area, Carleton made efforts to enhance the citys formidable defenses by erecting a series of barricades. The Americans Advance To assault the city, Montgomery and Arnold planned on advancing from two directions. Montgomery was to attack from the west, moving along the St. Lawrence waterfront, while Arnold was to advance from the north, marching along the St. Charles River. The two were to reunite at point where the rivers joined and then turn to attack the city wall. To divert the British, two militia units would make feints against Quebecs western walls. Moving out on December 30, the assault began after midnight on the 31st during a snowstorm. Advancing past the Cape Diamond Bastion, Montgomerys force pressed into the Lower Town where they encountered the first barricade. Forming to attack the barricades 30 defenders, the Americans were stunned when the first British volley killed Montgomery. A British Victory In addition to killing Montgomery, the volley struck down his two chief subordinates. With their general down, the American attack faltered and the remaining officers ordered a withdrawal. Unaware of Montgomerys death and the attacks failure, Arnolds column pressed on from the north. Reaching the Sault au Matelot, Arnold was hit and wounded in the left ankle. Unable to walk, he was carried to the rear and command was transferred to Captain Daniel Morgan. Successfully taking the first barricade they encountered, Morgans men moved into the city proper. Continuing the advance, Morgans men suffered from damp gunpowder and had difficulty navigating the narrow streets. As a result, they paused to dry their powder. With Montgomerys column repulsed and Carletons realization that the attacks from the west were a diversion, Morgan became the focus of the defenders activities. British troops counterattacked in the rear and retook the barricade before moving through the streets to surround Morgans men. With no options remaining, Morgan and his men were forced to surrender. Aftermath The Battle of Quebec cost the Americans 60 dead and wounded as well as 426 captured. For the British, casualties were a light 6 killed and 19 wounded. Though the assault failed, American troops remained in the field around Quebec. Rallying the men, Arnold attempted to lay siege to the city. This proved increasingly ineffective as men began to desert following the expiration of their enlistments. Though he was reinforced, Arnold was forced to fall back following the arrival of 4,000 British troops under Major General John Burgoyne. After being defeated at Trois-Rivià ¨res on June 8, 1776, American forces were forced to retreat back into New York, ending the invasion of Canada.

Alain Locke The New Negro Within The Circle

Alain Locke The New Negro Within The Circle Locke, Alain. "The New Negro."  Within the Circle.Ed. Angelyn Mitchel. Durham London: Duke UP, 1996. 21-31 Alain Locke did an excellent job not only of showing that indeed the American Negro was not what he had been stereo typed as before, but also that he was a new force in the American political arena. This essay was written in such a way that, save a few time bound references, the majority of it could have been written a month ago. The ideas and feelings inside are all current.In the first part of the essay Locke declares that the "New Negro"  has appeared. Although it seems that culturally this happened overnight it was in fact something that had been building for quite some time even though it only broke into the public view recently. He relates this to the seemingly sudden emergence of Negro Spirituals that had been around since the time of the slaves.An African American boy outside of Cincinnati, Ohi...

Black Death Muslim and Christian Responses

Imagine yourself alone on a street corner, coughing up bloody mucous each time you exhale. You are gasping for a full breath of air, but realizing that is not possible, you give up your fight to stay alive. Youre thinking why is this happening to me? That is how the victims of the Black Death felt. In five short years, the plague killed between 25 and 45% of the populations it encountered. So how different were the Christian and Muslim responses? In 1348 Christians who were followers of Jesus Christ and Muslims who followed the teachings of Muhammad came face to face with the Black Death. In truth, Muslims and Christians responded in many different ways. Even the way the blamed others for the cause of the plague and religious views about the disease were very much different. In a similar manner both religions acted completely out the norm, they basically set aside their spiritual beliefs for a moment. One of the similar responses between the Muslims and Christians were acting out of the ordinary. According to document five both religions were finding non-religious alternatives to prevent the Black Death. In some cases, the Christians would try to sleeping on their backs to prevent the plague, while the Muslims would even avoid going outside. In addition they both drank a solution of Armenian clay to cleanse the body and built fires hoping that this would purify the contaminated air. Based on document nine both the religions united together to pray and they went back to their religious ways. These documents prove that each religion in some cases stepped out their religious backgrounds to try to prevent the Black Death. Religious views played a big part on the different ways the Christians and Muslims responded to the Black Death. The Christians basically thought the plague was their fault. They believe that they’re being punished for their sins they’ve imputed against God. On the other hand the Muslims are taking the plague lightly. They believe that â€Å"a Muslim should devoutly accept the divine act. The Muslims also believe that this occurrence is a blessing from God. In addition document two explains the Black Death Mortality by comparing each religions death rate. The mortality estimate Phillip Ziegler calculated for the Muslims shows that about 33% of the Middle Eastern population have deceased. While the Christian population in Europe mortality rate was only 31%. This document proves that the Muslims population decreased greater than the Christians. During the era of the Black Plague, the Christian community held a lood-thirsty lead hand in the fact of the matter, while the Islam society didn’t blame the epidemic on others and or try to solve the rampant disease with violence. According to document seven the Christians blamed the Jews for causing the Black Death; they believe the Jews poisoned the wells. The Muslims didn’t blame anyone for the occurrence of the Black Death, based on document ten. This proves that the Muslims believed that the plague was meant to happen, like document four said, â€Å"the plague is a blessing from God. †

Psychology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 11

Psychology - Essay Example Considering the argument brought forth by then article on then relationship between the hippocampus and the acquisition of independent memories, which do not rely on the hippocampus systems. It further questions the interference of the hippocampus with the retrieval of perfectly normal hippocampus dependent memory, which has been established in non-hippocampus systems. The authors go further to make working assumptions relating to disruption of memory that is not stored in hippocampus systems during the resumption of functionality by the hippocampus. This is backed with evidence from experiments on the temporary inhibition of the hippocampus, and the resulting inconclusive results on the outcome. The main aim of the article because of the experiments conducted is revealed that the loss of memory is affiliated failure in the establishment of a lasting fear memory. In order to prove its findings in relation to loss of memory and the hippocampus; the results of experiments conducted on animals are included and the inferences revealed. As a result, it is found that inactivation or loss of functionality of the hippocampus does not result in loss of memory, retrograde amnesia, the same way that the hippocampus can interfere with retrieval of memory. In order to arrive at their conclusions, the authors of the article conducted an experiment, and based it on what is already known to cause amnesia or failure in the retrieval of memory. As such, the sponsoring institution, University of Lethbridge, approved their experiment. The approval means that the experiment was done according to set guidelines in order to acquire accurate results for their hypothesis. With this in mind, the sample of animals used in the experiment involved the use of rats that were housed in a standard laboratory and facing all similar treatment and conditions. However, in the