Australian Consumer Law Tutorial Answers Free Essays

A delegate for Scoutmaster told Mrs. Trans that: ; â€Å"We accept the new lease is truly sensible and underneath the market value†; and The lease is lower than the rental paid by different inhabitants in the Food Court† Both proclamations were off base. Scoutmaster gave Mrs. We will compose a custom article test on Australian Consumer Law Tutorial Answers or on the other hand any comparable point just for you Request Now Trans 7 days to consent to the rent reestablishment, however gave no motivation to giving this restricted time span. Exhort Mrs. Trans with respect to whether Scoutmaster Pity Ltd has penetrated the Competition and Consumer Act 2010 (recently alluded to as Trade Practices Act 1974 (Act)) and provided that this is true, her accessible cures. Issue: Were the announcements deluding or beguiling in break of the Australian Consumer Law? Law: ; Section 18, Schedule 2 to the Competition and Consumer Act 2010 (Act) (or on the other hand you can say Section 18 Australian Consumer Law which is the title for Schedule 2) ; Section 4 (â€Å"presumption of misleading†) ; Eveready Australia Pity Ltd v Gillette Australia Pity Ltd OR Taco Company of Status Inc v Taco Bell Pity Ltd (â€Å"objective test†) Application: ; Explain which of the announcements was a conclusion and why the law presumes it was deluding (e was there any reason for making the sentiment? ; Apply the target test to the subsequent proclamation made by the Scoutmaster agent. Specifically: (what will be the objective market and for what reason would a sensible individual from that target showcase be misdirected or bamboozled? Issue: Did Scoutmaster participate in unconscionable lead? ; Section 22 Australian Consumer Law ; Miller v Gunter Ours OR Commercia l Bank of Australia v Amid ; Explain why area 21 and not segment 20 applies ; Explain why Scoutmasters’ lead was in exchange or trade ; Explain what the direct was and why it was unconscionable, concerning the components recorded in segment 22 of the Australian Consumer Law. Specifically: o The prevalent haggling position of Scoutmaster o Ability to comprehend records o Undue weight and strategies utilized Issue: Did Scoutmaster make a bogus or misdirecting portrayal? Segment Australian Consumer Law ; Explain why the announcements were bogus with respect to the cost of a help, specifically taking note of what the applicable cost is and what the administration is in the inquiry. Issue: What are the cures? Law: Section 236 (harms); Section 232 (directive); Section 243 (different requests) ; Explain the cures that Mrs. Trans would look for as you are prompting her and not the AC. Specifically: o Explain what an order would do and why Mrs. Trans would need this cure; o Explain when Mrs. Trans would be qualified for harms and how harms would be determined o Explain when Mrs. Trans boisterous need to change the agreement and what the variety would be o Explain when Mrs. Trans would need to void the agreement and what the impact of voiding the agreement would be Conclusion: ; Scoutmaster has occupied with misdirecting and beguiling behavior, unconscionable direct and made a bogus or deceiving portrayal in regard of the cost of a help. The most effective method to refer to Australian Consumer Law Tutorial Answers, Essays

Sports Management Essay Research Paper Sports ManagementSomeone free essay sample

Sports Management Essay, Research Paper Sports Management Individual one time stated, ? There are the individuals who cause things to go on, the individuals who ticker things occur, and the individuals who wonder what occurred. ? I see myself as one of those uncommon individuals who really knows how to? do things occur. ? I have gone from being a supporter to being a pioneer, from being individual who was constrained and uncertain to a person who is confident and self-stating. It has been a particular digestion, and it has changed my future expert projects and individual finishes. The awakening of my independency occurred during the terminal of my play area ball season my first-year twelvemonth in school when my caput supervisor had cut my grant in light of lack of help. I was confronted with doing my first develop assurance into what my from now on was to keep. The undermentioned twelvemonth I moved to Thomas School trusting to get it done again which did non happen in light of the fact that there were non sufficient members enlisted to get down the softball plan. We will compose a custom exposition test on Sports Management Essay Research Paper Sports ManagementSomeone or then again any comparative theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page At Thomas College, I understood that I was making a trip to class for the mistaken ground # 8212 ; to take care of business. The thought hit me that being at Thomas College was non venturing out to secure me where I needed to go throughout everyday life. I so moved to the University of Charleston, where I am before long. I needed to indict a sports bearing evaluation, while using my athletic capacities to participate in play area ball. I have no declinations on the conclusions I have made, in light of the fact that I would neer be the individual I am today or hold met the entirety of the cardinal individuals along the way. All through my school calling, I have endeavored to larn each piece much as conceivable about the field of athleticss course through arranged work encounters with a wide range of sorts of athleticss associations. Through my encounters with individuals in a minor meeting baseball affiliation, fittingness nine, open dealingss segment, athletic areas, and grouped redirection places, I have had the opportunity to create and sharpen my imparting and open connection achievements in a few distinct nations. These encounters have helped me infer a superior dread of my calling closes in the athleticss business. In add-on to the clasp spent out in the field, my guidance at College of Charleston has more remote built up my achievements and comprehension of athleticss course, explicitly in the nations of selling, exposures, open and media dealingss, and course. I have other than gotten the opportunity to be associated with arranged extracurricular exercises that have given me the achievements and insight that I have utilized in my work encounters . Numerous builds that I have gained from these exercises were non instructed in the schoolroom, yet were imparted through reasonable encounters. As great, I feel being a member in sports has helped me to turn both by and by and expertly. The collection of field understanding, runing from a minor meeting baseball plan to being an exercises facilitator at a retreat, to going an athleticss data aide to my college has given me a full situation of the wide range of the brandishing business. I seek to a bringing in exposures in the athleticss business since I appreciate run intoing new individuals and holding the opportunity to participate in athleticss, however most essentially the sentiment of thrill I get directly before an athleticss rivalry, is equivalent to the inclination I get working in the background fixing for a spotless occasion. I really relax sorting out the occasions that lead up to the central occasion. As I look toward my from now on in athleticss advancements/open dealingss, I trust probably the best resource will be tie ining with others. Before long with my place of games data partner, dealingss with numerous combinations of gatherings of individuals (, for example, neighborhood media, moving as an undertaking between segments at the University, benefactors, fans, understudies, and muscle heads ) is profoundly of import so as to keep viable imparting. Through run intoing new individuals, I trust one gets familiar with oneself, which at long last causes one to comprehend and connect to others better. The individuals that have sought me to use to Ohio University # 8217 ; s Sports Organization plan, have moved on from OU. Working with and for, Colleague Men # 8217 ; s Basketball Coach, Jeff Boals, have helped me to get where I can and could go by come ining this arrangement. Plus, two different businesses that I have interned for are the two alumnas of the former student sports removal plan at OU: Dr. Steven Rader, a previous athletic administrator and by and by the organizer of an undergrad sports bearing arrangement, and Heath Brown, previous General Manager of the Charleston Alley Cats. I feel that Ohio College will help in giving me the apparatuses to do my calling happen ; henceforth, I need the insight and experience I have increased through my classifications, viable and proficient encounters, and commitment in sports, to secure me a meeting. Through my meeting and endorsements, you will see I can be a important in addition to the Ohio University Sport Administration plan. I need to? ? do things go on? what's more, I will. 329

Whats the Difference Between a Hyphen and a Dash

What’s the Difference Between a Hyphen and a Dash (4) They might all look like lines on a page, but hyphens and dashes serve different purposes. To begin, a hyphen (-) is shorter than a dash (â€"). Hyphens join words together and dashes indicate range. But that’s just the beginning. If you really want to keep these lines straight, read on. What is a hyphen? A mark of punctuation that joins words, or word parts, together. Hyphen Examples: half-baked, non-violent, twenty-seven Common Hyphen Uses Numbers Numbers written or typed from 21 to 99 Examples:   twenty-one, ninety-nine Fractions Written fractions Examples:   two-thirds, nine-sixteenths Connection If an entire word cannot fit on a single line, a hyphen is used. This is often seen in newspapers or written work. Examples: We are planning an explo- ration of the Amazon. My English teacher took points off my bibli- ography since it was not in MLA or APA format. Compound Modifiers Words that are joined together to describe the noun that follows. Example: kid-friendly restaurant, fashion-forward magazine, MLA in-text citation Compound Nouns Two or more words that have been combined to be understood as one. Example: six-year-old, daughter-in-law Note: Compound modifiers  are usually only hyphenated when they come before the noun they describe. Example: We live in off-campus housing vs. We live off campus. The rules for hyphenation are hotly debated and change often. For example, some words that used to be hyphenated, like “homeowners” and “email,” are now simple compound words. To be absolutely sure, use an up-to-date reference guide or dictionary. Remember: A hyphen’s job is to join words together which means when typed, there should never be a space on either side. What is a dash? A mark of punctuation that indicates a range. Example: In my opinion 2012 â€"â€" 2014 were the best years yet. A mark of punctuation that indicates a non-essential phrase in a sentence. Example: Jennyâ€"â€"who called herself my best friendâ€"â€"stole my boyfriend. Dashes are longer than hyphens and they come in two types. En dash The en-dash is the shorter of the two. It is about as long as the letter “N.” The en-dash indicates range. Example: For tonight’s homework, read pages 35â€"50. It can also be used to write sports scores. Example: Our team won 75â€"60. Em dash The em-dash is the longest of all. It is about the same length as the letter “M” and should never have spaces before or after. As the longest, it is used when you want to create great emphasis on a phrase. Example: After I baked the cakesâ€"twelve in totalâ€"the client cancelled the order. How to create hyphens and dashes in a document One reason hyphens and dashes are confused is that only the hyphen has a designated key on the typical keyboard, but there is a way to create them all. The hyphen is simply the minus sign on your keyboard. Creating a dash is slightly more complicated and varies between word processing programs. For some, tapping the minus sign twice and hitting the space bar is enough, while others require a combination of the shift, control and option keys. A quick online search will help you find the right solution for your writing tools. Hyphens and dashes may look similar, but if you can master their subtle differences you are well on your way to defining your own writing style. Now that you have dashes and hyphens down, review your paper for other grammatical points with the EasyBib Plus essay checker! Check for spelling, subject-verb agreement, and other potential issues. We also have grammar guides to help you learn what is a prepositional phrase, how determiners work, how to use interjections, and other grammar basics.

A Doll s House By Henrik Ibsen - 1505 Words

Henrik Ibsen’s A Doll’s House is the perfect expression of social and ethical issues during the 1800’s community. Fascinatingly, the setting was placed not too long after the enlightenment, which had a significant impact among the characters and themes of the play. One action that would summarize the theme and the plot of the play would be â€Å"deception†, as if hiding everywhere and everything is necessary. Accordingly, the main characters within the play pretended to be someone that is accepted by conventional aspects of society instead of who they really are or what they want to characterize. The most significant figure who projected the themes of A Doll’s House would be Nora – the impeccable example of a woman living as two lives, the â€Å"two†¦show more content†¦It is dramatic how Torvald acknowledge Nora as just a little girl, or an inhuman being, It is dramatic how Torvald acknowledge Nora as she was an immature girl, and even an inhuman being, â€Å"Is that my lark twittering out there?† and â€Å"When did my squirrel come home?† (Ibsen 220). He addressed Nora as a young child. In addition, Torvald mentioned about giving money to her as their interaction seem to be portrayed as parents giving money to their adorable, young daughter. Correspondingly, those portrayals made Nora appeared like custody rather than an equal companion in a marriage. This is Henrik Ibsen’s first approach of introducing Nora to the readers, a naà ¯ve and obedient wife. Since it is the beginning of the play, the audiences have limited knowledge of Nora; however this is a role she has to play as one of her life. As the play goes on, Torvald had an illness in the past, and in order to save Torvald’s life, Nora was compelled to take a loan from a wealthy man named Mr. Krogstad. Ironically, Nora not only â€Å"hides† her action from Torvald, but because of the situation, in the legal method of acquiring the loan, she falsified a signature to get the money on time for her husband’s life. It is astonishing how Ibsen portrayed woman could not obtain a loan due to ordinary social aspects, â€Å"No, a wife can’t get a loan without her

Ethical Dilemmas In Information Systems Project - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 906 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2019/05/08 Category Society Essay Level High school Topics: Ethical Dilemma Essay Did you like this example? Ethical dilemmas in Information Systems Project In projects, especially big information systems projects risks are high. There is a lot of pressure on the team members and the project managers to get the job done on time, within budget and conforming to the scope. Not surprisingly, there are many situations during the lifetime of the project that ethical dilemmas arise. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Ethical Dilemmas In Information Systems Project" essay for you Create order These ethical dilemmas are situations which require people to make a choice between options. In situations like these project managers should take corrective actions and their actions can set the tone of ethics in the project. In this article we will see two ethical dilemmas that arise in IT projects, their implications and suggestive actions for project managers. One of the examples of ethical dilemmas that arise in projects is the failure in reporting the exact picture to all the stakeholders. A project has many stakeholders, like clients, project managers, team members, customers etc. These stakeholders have the right to know the exact picture of the project at all the required times. It is the duty of everyone involved in a project to make sure everyone else is aware of the correct status because their actions can hamper others work. For example, sometime in situations like a project falling behind the deadline or a project exceeding budget, it becomes an ethical dilemma for the project managers whether or not to tell the clients or customers about this delay or over budgeting. He/She faces dilemmas like how much of the truth should be revealed. There are many implications if there is a failure in reporting the exact picture to all the stakeholders. If the delay caused in a project is not conveyed to lets say Client, they will be under the impression that project is moving in accordance to the desired timeline and will keep on expecting the delivery on time and many times due to this pressure of delivering on time the quality of the product is compromised to a large extent. This compromises the reputation of the company, of the project manager as a professional leading to low market value. It is the duty of the PM to make sure exact picture is reported to all the stakeholders. This can be done in many ways, for example by establishing a reporting standard and the team know in advance. PM can conduct regular meetings every week to closely monitor the progress of the project. They should maintain a backlog for issues and modules that are not completed in time. PMs should try to be as accurate as possible in their reporting. If they are using any approximations, they should be conveyed beforehand. PMs are the liaison between the team and all other stakeholders; obviously they are under a lot of pressure and may sometimes end up falsifying the reports. They should try to not succumb to such pressure and should try to maintain transparency. Another example of ethical dilemma project managers face is when to call a project quits. There are many situations when a project needs to be shut down. Situations like when there are changes in the business requirements in middle of the project and the new requirements dont align with the goals of the company, project managers then decide whether to go on with a project or not. PMs being a connection between the company and stakeholders, they clearly know whether the business requirements map clearly with the goals of the project. It becomes an ethical dilemma for the project managers whether or not to call it quits. Over budgeting is also a major reason why projects get called off. In case of over budgeting, PM should take a call whether or not to continue with the project. There are many implications if a project doesnt get called off at the right time. A project that is dragged unnecessarily results in wastage of company resources like people working on a project, budget allotte d and time involved. If a project manager decides to call a project off at the right time because of issues mentioned above, all the resources working on the project can work for something else instead of a non-yielding project. When a project is large and involves a lot of people, this wastage can scale up to millions of dollars. Decision of calling off a project at the right time thus becomes very crucial in order to save time and money. As mentioned before, the Project managers should decide when to continue with a project and when to call it off. PMs can address these situations via variety of ways. Combination of budget and strategic conditions are main criteria project managers should consider while deciding whether to use resources on a project or not. They can conduct initial meetings with all the involved stakeholders and can come up with criteria to be considered while evaluating the future of the project. The established criteria should be clearly stated in the Project charter by the PM at the start of the project and the project should be regularly evaluated against the charter in order to have a clear understanding of the health of the project. Thus, we can say that a project can never be devoid of ethical dilemmas. As seen in the article, project managers should try and resolve these ethical dilemmas in a way that everyone is benefitted at the end and the focus of the project is not compromised.

Understanding Business Research Terms and Concepts Free Essays

In the following examples, determine whether the term independent variable or dependent variable is appropriate. Michael is interested in learning the effects of using celebrity endorsement on sales. What type of variable is a celebrity endorsement? Independent Variable In an experiment, this variable is expected to be affected by the manipulation. We will write a custom essay sample on Understanding Business Research Terms and Concepts or any similar topic only for you Order Now Dependent Variable Criterion variable is synonymous with this term. Dependent Variable Several of these variables are somewhat correlated and are therefore are not independent among themselves. Independent Variable A predictor variable is synonymous with this term. Independent Variable Fill in the blanks with the term independent variable, dependent variable, or moderating variable. Incentives independent variable are expected to increase productivity dependent variable especially among newer employees moderating variable. The dependent variable should not precede the independent variable in a research study. In an experiment, participants experience a manipulation of the independent variable, called the experimental treatment. How to cite Understanding Business Research Terms and Concepts, Essays

Rural Banking in Nigeria, Issues and Challenges (a Case Study of Wema Bank of Nigeria Plc free essay sample

Chapter one 1. 0 Introduction Database system developed because of the need to store large amount of data and retrieve that data quickly and accurately for example, a University abrary stores details about the books held and loans taken out by student. Not very long ago this information about the books and loads might have been stored in a box card index, nowadays, only a few decades later, student are able to view their loans online and see if a book is available and reserve it. The abrary staff can quickly access statistics on overdue books, popular books which never have the shelves. Another example is a company that accepts customer orders for instance, orders for spare parts for electrical goods. Originally orders might have been created when a customer telephone the company to place the order. If information about the customer already existed in a paper file then his/her details would be requested and recorded. We will write a custom essay sample on Rural Banking in Nigeria, Issues and Challenges (a Case Study of Wema Bank of Nigeria Plc or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page An order form would have been filled in and copies: one copy being stored in a filing cabinet, the other, information on stock held would need to be accessed. Eventually, the order entry system was computerized so that by the 1960’s the data about customers and orders might have been stored in a computer file- a magnetic tape file and then later magnetic desk. These files were processed by computer programs. Other applications programs were used which could create invoices, orders to suppliers and so on. Although different application software would at times require similar data, the data would be kept on different files. In both types of system, the paper one and the files system, processing was slow and problems of inconsistencies of data could easily develop. The introduction of shaved files. Whereby different applications shaved some of the same files, solved some of the problems described earlier, and was good for providing routine data. For example, a customer order application and an invoicing application might use both the customer and stock files, and ind addition their own files. As only one copy of each file was made available, the inconsisitencies were avoided. However, this method was not efficeient, as a share file would only be available to one application at a time. Share files systems were also not effective in providing data for planning and control of an organization. In the 1960’s database systems began to emerge with the release of the IBM production IMS, a system where the user viewed the data as a hierarchical tree. In the late sixties, database systems based on a different data model where developed. This time the user view of the data was a network of data recorded. In both cases skilled programmers were required and users tended to be large organizations. The database approach was an improvement on the share file solution as the software which was used to control the data was quite powerful. The software consisted of a number of components which provided facilities for acquiring data, data security and integrity and the ability to access the data simultaneously by different users. Another character of database systems is that the underlying structure of the data is isolated from the actual data itself. The specification of the entire database is called Schema. There are various level of Schema- the conceptual schema or model is discussed below. If there is a requirement to change the structure of the data, the change will be made at the schema level. Such changes are independent of both the physical storage level and the level seen by individual users. Returning to our brief history, by the 1970’s the study of database systems had become a major academic and research area. The relational model was first proposed in 1970 by Ted Codd with his services of pioneering papers. The theory underpinning relational database is derived from the mathematical principles of set theory and predicate logic. The model is based on the familiar concepts of table, rows and columns and the manipulation of these tables is achieved through a collection of simple and well understood set theory operators. The query language SQL, based on relational algebra, was developed and has become the most important query language for relational databases. The first commercial relational product was Oracle’s DBMS and was released in 1980. The relational model has been successfully adopted for transaction processing in numerous organizations and support most of the major database systems in commercial use today. Its ability to handle efficiently simple data types, its powerful query language, and its good protection of data from programming errors make it an effective model. 1. statement of the problem/ limitation ? DBMS are expensive products, complex and quite different from many other software tools. Their introduction therefore represents a considerable investment, both direct and indirect. ? DBMS provide, in standardized form, a whole set service, which necessarily carry cost. In the cause where some of these services are not needed, it is different to extract the services actually required from the others, and this can generate inefficiencies. . purpose of the study Why use a database system? What are the advantages? To some extend the answer to these questions depends on whether the system is single or multi user. Let us use a wine seller as an example of a single use case. Its database is so small and simple that the advantages might not be all that obvious, but imagine similar datab ase for a large restaurant, with a stock of perhaps thousands of bottles and very frequent changes to that stock, or think of a liquor store, with again a very large stock and high turnover on that stock. The advantages of a database system over traditional, paper-paper methods of recordkeeping are perhaps easier to see in these cases. ? Compactness:-There is no need for possible voluminous paper files. ? Speed:- the machine can retrieve and update data far faster than a human can. In particular, adhoc, supur- of- the moment queries. ? Less drudgery:- much of the sheer tedium of mechanical tasks are always better done by machines. ? Currency:- Accurate, up- to- date information is available on demand at any time. 3. Research Question Consider a hospital information system with the following characteristic:- A patient can either be a resident patient who is admitted to the hospital or an out patient who comes to the hospital for an out patient clinic. ? For both types of patient we will need to hold the birth patient’s name, telephone number, address, date of birth and the patient doctor. ? For resident patient we will need to hold the ward name in which the patient is currently residing, the admission date of the patient, and also information about any operations that the patient has had. ? For out – patient, we will need to hold information about the outpatient, the appointment date and time. . significance of the study ? redundancy can be reduced:- in non database systems each application has its own private files. This fact can often lead to considerable reducdancy in store data, with resultant waste in storage space for example, a personnel application might both own a file that includes departmental information for employees. As suggested in those two files can be integrated, and the redundancy eliminated, so long as the data administrator is aware of the data requirements for both application i. e. so long as the enterprise has the necessary overall control. Incidentally, can or necessarily should be eliminated. Sometimes there are sound business or technical reasons for maintaining several distinct copies of the same data, however, we do mean to suggest that any such redundancy should be carefully controlled that is, the DBMS should be aware of it, if it exists and should assume responsibility for propagating updates. ? Inconsistency can be avoided This is really a corollary of the previous point. Suppose a given fact about the real word – say the fact that employee E3 works in department D8 – is represented by two distinct entries in the database. Suppose also that the DBMS is not aware of this duplication. There will necessarily be occasion on which the two entries will not agree: namely when one of the two has been updated and the other not. At such times the database is said to be inconsistent. Clearly, a database that is in an inconsistent state is capable of supplying incorrect or contradictory information to its users. ? Transaction is a logical unit of work, typically involving several database operations. The standard example involves the transfer of a cash amount from one account A to another account B. Clearly two updates are required have, one to withdraw the cash from account A and the other to deposit it to account B. if the user has stated that the two updates are part of the same transaction, then the system can effectively guarantee that either both of then are done or neither is even halfway through the process. ? Security can be enforce:- Having complete jurisdiction over the database, the DBA can ensure that the only means of access to the database is through the proper channels, and hence can define security constraints or rules to be checked whenever access is attempted to sensitive data. Different constraints can be established for each type of access to each piece of information in the database. Chapter two 2. 0 Literature Review:- Explanation of Boyce- Codd Normal Form. Definition of Boyce- Codd Normal Form. In this section, we will formalize the ideas illustrated in section 8. 1, in the light of what we have said on functional dependencies. Let us start by observing that, in our example, the tow properties causing anomalies correspond exactly to attributes involve in functional dependencies: The property â€Å"the salary of each employee is unique and depends only on the employee, independently of the project on which he or she is working† can be formalized by means of the functional dependency Employee salary. ? The property â€Å"the budget of each project is unique and depends on the project, independently of the employees who are working on it† corresponds to the functional dependency project budget. Furthermore, it is appropriate to note that th e function attribute indicates, for each tuple, the role played by the employees in the project. This role is unique, for each employee-project pair. We can model this property too using a functional dependency. ? The property â€Å"in each project , each of the employees involved can carry out only one function â€Å" corresponds to the functional dependency Employee Project function. As we have mentioned in the previous section, this also a consequence of the fact that the attributes employee and project form the key of the relation. We saw in section 8. 1 how the fist two properties (and thus the corresponding functional dependencies) generate undesirable redundancies and anomalies. The third dependency is different. It never generates redundancies because, having Employee and project as a key, the relation cannot contain two tuples with the same values of these attributes (and thus of the function attribute). Also, from a conceptual point of view, we can say that it can generate anomalies, because each employee has a salary (and only) and each project has a budget (and only one), and thus for each employee- project pair we can have unique values for all the other attributes of the relation. In some cases, such values might not be available. In these case, since they are not part of the key, we would simply replace them with null values without any problem. We can thus conclude that the dependencies: EmployeeSalary ProjectBudget Cause anomalies, whereas dependency. Employee ProjectFunction dose not. The difference, as we have mentioned, is that Employee Project is a super key of the relation. All the reasoning that we have developed with reference to this specific example, is more general. Indeed: redundancies and anomalies are caused by the functional dependencies X >Y that allow the presence of many equal tuples on the attributes in X. hat is from the functional dependencies X>Y such that X dose not contain a key. We will formalize this idea by introducing the notion of Boyce- Codd normal form (BCNF), which takes the name from its inventors. A relation r is in Boyce- Codd normal from if for every (non-trivial) functional dependency X>Y defined on it, X contain a key K of r. That is, X is a super key for r. Anomalies an d redundancies, as discussed above, do not appear in database with relations in Boyce- Codd normal form, because the independent pieces of information are separate, one per relation. Decomposition into Boyce- Codd normal form Given a relation that dose not satisfy Boyce- Codd normal form, we can often replace it with one or more normalized relations using a process called normalization. This process is based on a simple criterion: if a relation represents many real-world concepts, then it is decomposed into smaller relations, one for each concept. Let us show the normalization process by means of an example. We can eliminate redundancies and anomalies for the relation in figure 8. 1 if we replace it with the three relations in figure 8. , obtained by projections on the set of attributes corresponding respectively to the three items of information mentioned above. The three relations so that each dependency correspond to different relation, the key of which is actually the left hand side of the same dependency. In this way, the satisfaction of the Boyce- Codd normal from is guaranteed, by the definition of this normal form itself. 2. 1 Normalization Introduction O ne of the principal objectives of relational database is to ensure that each item of data is held only once within the database. For instance, if we hold customers’ address then the address of any one customer is represented only once throughout all the tables of the application. The reasons for this are, first, simply to minimize the amount of space required to hold the database, but also and more importantly to simplify maintenance of the data. If the same information is held in two or more place, then each time the data changes, each occurrence of the data must be located and amended. Also having two copies of the same data gives rise to the possibility of their being different. In many case, it is relatively easy to arrange the tables to meet this objective. There is, however, a more formal procedure called normalization that can be followed to organized data into a standard format which avoids many processing difficulties. The process of normalizing tables is described in this chapter. Overview of normalization process In order to understand the process of normalization, it is necessary to refer back to the concept, mentioned earlier, of the ‘ruling part’ and ‘dependent part’ of the rows. The ruling part, also known as the key value of the table, is the column of columns that specify or identify the entity being described by the row. For instance, the key of the project table is the project code since this value uniquely specified the project been described by the other column of the row, the dependent column. The purpose of normalization is:- †¢ To put data into a form that confirm to relations to principles, e. g. , single valued column, each relation represents one entity. †¢ To avoid redundancy by storing each fact within the database only once. †¢ To put the data into form that is more able to accommodate change. †¢ To avoid certain difficulties in updating (so-called anomalies, described later). †¢ To facilitate enforcement of constraints on the data. Normalization involves checking that the tables confirm to certain rules and, if not, re-organizing the data. This will mean creating new tables containing data drawn from the original table. Normalization is a multi-stage process, the result of each of the stage being called a ‘normal form’ successive stage produce a grater degree of normalization. There are total of seven normal form, called in increasing degree and grouped for the convenience of description. †¢ First, second and third normal forms (abbreviation to 1NF, 2NF and 3NF) †¢ Boyce-Codd (BCNF) †¢ Fourth normal form (4NF) Fifth normal form (5NF) and domain-key normal form (DK/NF) The normal forms 1NF, 2NF and 3NF are the most important and all practical database applications would be expected to conform to these. The likelihood of a set of tables requiring modification to comply with these is quite high. The Boyce-Codd normal form is a more stringent form of 3NF an again should be applied system . There is less chance of this normal form affecting the structure of the table. The fourth and fifth normal forms are unlikely to be significant in a practical system that has designed, say using the EB approach. The highest normal form, the domain-key, was devised by Fagin in 1981 (Fagin 1981). Fagin prove that this normal form was the last on higher form is possible or necessary since a relation in DK/NF can have no modification anomalies. However, this is mostly of theoretical interest since there is no known procedure for converting to this form. The first three normal forms are most significant and are usually sufficient for most applications. These will be described in some detail in the following section; the other normal forms will be covered in the subsequent sections in somewhat less detail. Normal form 1NF, 2NF and 3NF The normalization process assumes that you start with some information description of all the data attributes that the database application appears to require; this is often called ‘un-normalized data’. This set of attributes is then tested using criteria defined by each of the normalization stages. If the data fails the criteria, there is a prescribed procedure for correcting the structure of the data; this inevitably involves the creation of additional tables. The overall process of normalization for the first three stages is summarized in figure5. . To understand what these step is imply, we can return again to the example initially introduced in Chapter One (1) concerning a correspondence college. For convenience, the specification of the example is reproduced below. A small correspondence college offers courses in a range of topics. For each course, student completes a series of assignments which are sent to the office. The assignments a re gathered into batches of up to ten assignments are sent to tutors for making. (i. e) complete batches of up to ten assignments are sent to tutors). Assume that there can be infinite number of tutors. These tutors mark the assignments, then return them, retaining them within the same batches. A system is require that enables ‘tracking’ of the assignments, so that the college knows what assignment have been received, sent to tutors of marked. Also, the system should keep a running total of the number of assignments that have been marked by each tutor. UN-NORMALIZED DATA Remove all repeating groups FIRST NORMAL FORM If the primary key has more than one field, ensure that all other fields are functionally dependent on the whole key SECOND NORMAL FORM Remove all transitive dependences. i. e ensure that all fields Dependent on non-key fields THIRD NORMAL FORM As we did in chapter one (1), we can represent the data diagrammatically as shown in figure 5. 2. We view this data design as a attempt at forming a relational table to represent the application data. Naturally, we would prefer as few tables as possible so we have combined all the data into one tentative table design. The attribute Batch Number will be used as a provisional primary key. mmmmmmm Batch Number